Bariatric surgery is a well-documented and good alternative for treatment of obesity with and without type 2-diabetes. One of the documented complications is postprandial hypoglycemia, with possibly serious consequences. We present such a case, what is known of underlying mechanisms, and treatment options. © 2019, Swedish Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Purpose: Several observational studies have shown an association between vitamin D deficiency and non-skeletal major health issues including impaired cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity. Only a few studies have examined the impact of vitamin D supplementation on these conditions and the results are ambiguous. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight/obese men with vitamin D deficiency.

Methods: This study was a prospective, placebo controlled, double blinded, randomized trial with a study period of 6 months. Forty overweight/obese men (BMI > 25 kg/m²) with vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D ≤ 55 nmol/L) were randomized to receive either 2000 IU Cholecalciferol drops or the equivalent amount of drops of placebo. At baseline and follow up body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured and blood samples were obtained. Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and cardiorespiratory fitness using cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). The primary outcomes were changes in percentage body fat and in maximum oxygen uptake (VO_2max).

Results: No statistically significant difference between the placebo and the intervention group regarding changes in percentage body fat (p = 0.54) and VO_2max (p = 0.90) was observed. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups concerning changes in BMI (p = 0.26), maximum load (p = 0.89) and oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (AT) (p = 0.14).

Conclusions: We conclude that treatment with 2000 IU/d vitamin D for 6 months does not impact body composition or maximum oxygen uptake in overweight/obese men with vitamin D deficiency.

Introduction: Delayed puberty is defined as the absence of physical signs of puberty by the age of 14 years in boys and 13 years in girls. According to this definition, the prevalence of delayed puberty would be 2%, if the ages of pubertal onset were normally distributed in the population. However, the prevalence or incidence of delayed puberty has not been described before, as far as we know. Our aim was to study the incidence of delayed puberty in central Sweden.

Methods: In this population-based retrospective study all adolescents given the ICD-10 diagnosis “delayed puberty” in Örebro county during the period 2013-2015 were identified. Adolescents with other diagnoses potentially related to delayed puberty (e.g. short stature) were also identified to ensure that there were no additional cases. The medical records of these patients, except those not willing to participate, were systematically reviewed to ensure that the diagnosis was correct. The cases were then categorized into four groups depending on how accurate we found the diagnosis (certain, possible, wrong diagnosis, or unclear cases). Data on the total numbers of adolescents in Örebro county were obtained from the authority of statistics in Sweden.

Results: One hundred and twenty-eight of 180 eligible medical records were reviewed (response rate: 71 %). Nine boys and one girl were diagnosed with delayed puberty during the study time period and fulfilled our strict criteria for a certain diagnosis and 4 boys were classified as possible new cases. The total population in Örebro county for boys aged 14-18 years was on average 6,546 each year during the time period. The minimal annual incidence for boys was 46 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval (CI) 15-142 per 100,000). When possible cases were included, the annual incidence for boys increased to 66 (CI 26-170) per 100,000. Due to the low number of girls with delayed puberty no incidence for girls was calculated.

Discussion: This is, to our knowledge, the first study describing the incidence of delayed puberty in boys. We evaluated the accuracy of the diagnosis using strict criteria. The presented incidence should be regarded as the minimum incidence since some adolescents with delayed puberty may not seek medical advice or may be unrecognized by the health services in schools. Because of our small study population, larger studies are needed to confirm our findings and for calculation of the incidence in girls, where our data implies a much lower incidence.

Background: The discovery of an epimeric form of 25(OH)D3 may complicate the interpretation of vitamin Dstatus. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and determinants of 25-hydroxy-3-epi-vitamin D3 (3- epi-25(OH)D3) in a mid-Swedish region and to investigate how the measurement of 3-epi-25(OH)D3 would affect the assessment of vitamin D status using current thresholds.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 8286 in- and outpatients in primary as well as secondary care settings. Plasma 25(OH)D, 25(OH)D2, 25(OH)D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 were measured using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC – MS/MS). The relative 3-epi-25(OH)D3 contribution was calculated as a percentage of the total 25(OH)D3. Blood samples were collected between March 2014 and July 2015 providing a seasonal aspect to the results.

Results: 3-epi-25(OH)D3was detected in 635 cases (7.7% of all subjects), and the mean concentration was8.4 ± 3.5 nmol/L. 3-epi-25(OH)D3correlated significantly with 25(OH)D3(r =0.38, p < 0.001).A multivariateanalysis among the detected showed that male gender and winter season were independently associatedwith higher 3-epi-25(OH)D3/25(OH)D3percentage ratio (R2=0.044). Infants and children had a significantlyhigher detection rate compared to the reference age category (18–45 years) as well as those who were testedduring the summer season.

Conclusions: We report findings from the first epidemiologic study of 3-epi-25(OH)D3 conducted in Sweden, based on a large population sample. 3-epi-25(OH)D3 was detected in 7.7% of the study population and the mean concentration was 8.4 nmol/L. The quantification of 3-epi-25(OH)D3 would not significantly influence the clinical interpretation of vitamin D levels. Additional studies are needed to understand the metabolic pathway and the possible physiological functions of this metabolite.

Background: The aim of the present study was to see if there are longitudinal changes in bone mineral density (BMD), vitamin D or parathyroid hormone (PTH) in females 5 years after Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (LRYGB).

Methods: Thirty-two women with mean age 41.6 ± 9.3 years and mean body mass index (BMI) 44.5 ± 4.6 kg/m(2) were included. Preoperatively, 2 and 5 years postoperatively, BMD, weight, height, S-calcium, S-albumin, S-creatinine, S-25(OH)-vitamin D and fP-PTH were measured.

Results: The mean decrease in BMI between baseline and 5 years after surgery was 29.4 %. BMD of the spine and femur measured as z- and t-scores, showed a linear, statistically significant declining trend over the years. The fall in BMD of the spine and femoral neck between baseline and 5 years after surgery was 19 and 25 %, respectively. The mean fP-PTH showed a significant increase over the study period (20.2 μg/L increase, 95 % CI:-31.99 to -8.41). S-calcium, both free and corrected for albumin, showed a decrease between baseline and 5 years after surgery. Eight patients developed osteopenia and one osteoporosis after a 5-year follow-up.

Conclusion: LRYGB is an efficient method for sustained long-term body weight loss. There is, however, a concomitant decrease in BMD and S-calcium, and an increase in fP-PTH.

It is evident that morbidly obese patients have a low health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL), and this low HRQoL has become a common reason for them to seek bariatric surgery. Several HRQoL studies demonstrate a dramatic postoperative improvement, but most of these have had a short follow-up period.

An observational, cross-sectional study for HRQoL was conducted to study 486 patients (average age of 50.7 +/- 10.0 years, with 84 % of them being female) operated with gastric bypass (GBP) in the period 1993 to 2003 at the University Hospitals of A-rebro and Uppsala. Mean follow-up after gastric bypass was 11.5 +/- 2.7 years (range 7-17). Two HRQoL instruments were used, SF-36 and the Obesity-related Problems scale (OP). The study group was compared with two control groups, both matched for age and gender, one from the general population and one containing morbidly obese patients evaluated and awaiting bariatric surgery.

The study group scored better in the SF-36 domains (all four physical domains and the vitality subscore) and OP scale compared to obese controls, but their HRQoL scores were lower than those of the general population. HRQoL was better among younger patients and in the following subgroups: men, patients with satisfactory weight loss, satisfied with the procedure, free from co-morbidities and gastrointestinal symptoms, employment, good oral status and those not hospitalised or regularly followed up for non-bariatric reasons.

Long-term follow-up after GBP for morbid obesity showed better scores in most aspects of HRQoL compared to obese controls but did not achieve the levels of the general population. Patients with better medical outcome after gastric bypass operation had better HRQoL.

Bariatric surgery has gained wide acceptance as treatment for severe obesity and is associated with decreased overall mortality. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of anemia long term after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and to search for factors predicting anemia.

All 745 patients who underwent RYGB between 1993 and 2003 at either A-rebro or Uppsala University Hospital and who were living in Sweden were invited to participate by providing a fasting blood sample and completing a questionnaire about their health status. Full blood count, serum iron, transferrin, vitamin B-12, and folic acid were determined.

Follow-up was completed in 431 patients (58 %) with mean age 51.3 +/- 10 years. Of all patients, 27 % had anemia postoperatively and related deficiencies; iron, folic acid, and vitamin B-12 were seen in 20, 12, and 2 %, respectively. There was no correlation between anemia and sex, follow-up time, 25-OH vitamin D level, and preoperative or postoperative BMI. An inverse correlation was found between anemia and regular medical checkups concerning gastric bypass surgery.

Twenty-seven percent of patients had anemia more than 10 years after RYGB. Anemia does not seem to progress with time and was less common in patients with regular medical checkups. Thus, improved long-term follow-up is needed.