To Örebro University

The journey of production tools in cold working, hot working, and injection molding from rapid tooling to additive manufacturing (AM) by laser-based powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is described. The current machines and their configurations, tool steel powder materials and their properties, and the L-PBF process parameters for these materials are specified. Examples of production tools designed for and made by L-PBF are described. Efficient design, i.e., high tooling efficiency and performance in operation, should be the primary target in tool design. Topology and lattice structure optimization provide additional benefits. Using efficient design, L-PBF exhibits the greatest potential for tooling in hot working and injection molding. L-PBF yields high tooling costs, but competitive total costs in hot working and injection molding. Larger object sizes that can be made by L-PBF, a larger number of powder metals that are designed for different tooling applications, lower feedstock and L-PBF processing costs, further L-PBF productivity improvement, improved surface roughness through L-PBF, and secured quality are some of the targets for the research and development in the future. A system view, e.g., plants with a high degree of automation and eventually with cyber-physically controlled smart L-PBF inclusive manufacturing systems, is also of great significance.