To Örebro University

Metal contamination of aquatic environments remains a major concern and has received significant attention in recent years. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of metal mixtures of varying concentrations over time in a lake receiving runoff water from a decommissioned mine. By subjecting several organisms to this water, we aimed to identify the most susceptible species, thus enabling a comprehensive evaluation of the risk posed by different toxins to the biotic environment.

We have evaluated the effects of mixed metal exposure on survival and stress gene expression in selected invertebrate and vertebrate model species. Our observations revealed differences in sensitivity among the invertebrate models Caenorhabditis elegans, Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Heterocypris incongruens, as well as in the vertebrate model Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and two cell lines; a zebrafish liver cell line (ZFL) and a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2). While the sensitivity shows great variation among the tested species, the expression of metallothionein was consistent with the levels of metals found in the mixed exposure media. Despite differences in acute toxicity, the universal induction of mt1/A and mt2/B genes make them an important biomarker for assessing the environmental risk of metals.