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Lithium-Associated Hypercalcemia: Pathophysiology, Prevalence, Management
Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences. Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5162-0328
Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences. (Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9204-1165
Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden: Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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2018 (English)In: World Journal of Surgery, ISSN 0364-2313, E-ISSN 1432-2323, Vol. 42, no 2, p. 415-424Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND: Lithium-associated hypercalcemia (LAH) is an ill-defined endocrinopathy. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of hypercalcemia in a cohort of bipolar patients (BP) with and without concomitant lithium treatment and to study surgical outcomes for lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism.

METHODS: Retrospective data, including laboratory results, surgical outcomes and medications, were collected from 313 BP treated with lithium from two psychiatric outpatient units in central Sweden. In addition, data were collected from 148 BP without lithium and a randomly selected control population of 102 individuals. Logistic regression was used to compare odds of hypercalcemia in these respective populations.

RESULTS: The prevalence of lithium-associated hypercalcemia was 26%. Mild hypercalcemia was detected in 87 out of 563 study participants. The odds of hypercalcemia were significantly higher in BP with lithium treatment compared with BP unexposed to lithium (adjusted OR 13.45; 95% CI 3.09, 58.55; p = 0.001). No significant difference was detected between BP without lithium and control population (adjusted OR 2.40; 95% CI 0.38, 15.41; p = 0.355). Seven BP with lithium underwent surgery where an average of two parathyroid glands was removed. Parathyroid hyperplasia was present in four patients (57%) at the initial operation. One patient had persistent disease after the initial operation, and six patients had recurrent disease at follow-up time which was on average 10 years.

CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of LAH justifies the regular monitoring of calcium homeostasis, particularly in high-risk groups. If surgery is necessary, bilateral neck exploration should be considered in patients on chronic lithium treatment. Prospective studies are needed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer , 2018. Vol. 42, no 2, p. 415-424
National Category
Psychiatry Surgery
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-63997DOI: 10.1007/s00268-017-4328-5ISI: 000419886700015PubMedID: 29260296Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85038405849OAI: oai:DiVA.org:oru-63997DiVA, id: diva2:1172320
Available from: 2018-01-09 Created: 2018-01-09 Last updated: 2024-10-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism: Prevalence, Pathophysiology, Management
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism: Prevalence, Pathophysiology, Management
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Lithium has been used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, formerly called manic depression, for nearly seven decades. Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism (LHPT) is an ill-defined and less well known possible side-effect of chronic lithium therapy and was first described in 1973. The condition has been considered to be rare, though there exists conflicting evidence as to its prevalence, its pathophysiological background, and, if and when identified, what the appropriate medical or surgical treatment should be. The principal aim of this thesis was to understand and more comprehensively characterise this condition through studying a large patient cohort, with regards its prevalence, development, and additionally by providing an evaluation of surgical management up until now.

In Study I a population of 423 lithium-treated out-patients (251 women, 172 men) were recruited from Jönköping and Örebro County. We found that 18% met the criteria for hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and that a further 21% had intermittent episodes of hypercalcaemia. We then examined, in Study II, the effects of lithium only in patients with bipolar disorder and compared them, firstly, to patients with bipolar disorder without lithium and, secondly, to a control population. In total, 563 individuals participated in the study. Hypercalcaemia was found to be strongly associated to lithium therapy (adjusted OR 13.45; 95% CI 3.09, 58.55; p=0.001). Study III is a descriptive study of calcium homeostasis in 297 lithium-treated patients from Jönköping where three main groups could be discerned: 178 were normocalcaemic (60%), 102 hypercalcaemic (34%), and 17 hypocalcaemic (6%). Many patients demonstrate robust fluctuations in serum calcium intermittently. Of those with suspected LHPT, 31% had urinary calcium excretion values be-low 1.2 mmol/24hrs. Study IV analysed surgical results of 78 parathyroidectomies in 71 patients with concurrent lithium therapy. In strong contrast to surgical outcomes in those with primary HPT, the overall cure-rate was lower (58%) and the predominant histological diagnosis was hyperplasia (52%). Two patients had double adenomas.

Factors which should be particularly taken into consideration while monitoring lithium-treated patients are age, gender and lithium-duration.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Örebro: Örebro University, 2018. p. 70
Series
Örebro Studies in Medicine, ISSN 1652-4063 ; 174
National Category
Surgery
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-65002 (URN)978-91-7529-234-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2018-04-06, Örebro universitet, Campus USÖ, hörsal C3, Södra Grev Rosengatan 32, Örebro, 09:00 (Swedish)
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Available from: 2018-02-14 Created: 2018-02-14 Last updated: 2018-03-15Bibliographically approved

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Meehan, Adrian DavidUdumyan, RuzanWallin, Göran

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