Political consumerism is described as a civil society response to perceived failures by governments to address global problems. It has been theorized as representing a challenge and complement to the state’s authority and legitimacy. This chapter reviews the roles of government in relation to political consumerism, focusing in particular on how governments have influenced the development and implementation of voluntary nongovernmental labeling schemes. The aim is to discern and discuss critical issues and debates on the interaction between government and political consumerism. It is concluded that political consumerism is part of a new governance landscape but that its development and effectiveness are fundamentally dependent on government. Political consumerism needs to be understood and critically researched in relation to a multifaceted understanding of government actors, responses, and interactions that recognizes both the varying conditions between states and the unique powers and responsibilities of government.