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Organohalogenated flame retardants and organophosphate esters from home and preschool dust in Sweden: Pollution characteristics, indoor sources and intake assessment
College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
Örebro University, School of Science and Technology. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Business, Science and Engineering, Örebro University, SE 70182 Örebro, Sweden.
Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
Örebro University, School of Science and Technology. Örebro University Hospital. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Business, Science and Engineering, Örebro University, SE 70182 Örebro, Sweden.
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2023 (English)In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 896, article id 165198Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study analysed settled dust samples in Sweden to assess children's combined exposure to 39 organohalogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and 11 organophosphate esters (OPEs) from homes and preschools. >94 % of the targeted compounds were present in dust, indicating widespread use of HFRs and OPEs in Swedish homes and preschools. Dust ingestion was the primary exposure pathway for most analytes, except BDE-209 and DBDPE, where dermal contact was predominant. Children's estimated intakes of ∑emerging HFRs and ∑legacy HFRs from homes were 1-4 times higher than from preschools, highlighting higher exposure risk for HFRs in homes compared to preschools. In a worst-case scenario, intakes of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) were 6 and 94 times lower than the reference dose for children in Sweden, indicating a potential concern if exposure from other routes like inhalation and diet is as high. The study also found significant positive correlations between dust concentrations of some PBDEs and emerging HFRs and the total number of foam mattresses and beds/m2, the number of foam-containing sofas/m2, and the number of TVs/m2 in the microenvironment, indicating these products as the main source of those compounds. Additionally, younger preschool building ages were found to be linked to higher ΣOPE concentrations in preschool dust, suggesting higher ΣOPE exposure. The comparison with earlier Swedish studies indicates decreasing dust concentrations for some banned and restricted legacy HFRs and OPEs but increasing trends for several emerging HFRs and several unrestricted OPEs. Therefore, the study concludes that emerging HFRs and OPEs are replacing legacy HFRs in products and building materials in homes and preschools, possibly leading to increased exposure of children.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023. Vol. 896, article id 165198
Keywords [en]
Dermal contact, Dust ingestion, Estimated intake, Organohalogenated flame retardants, Organophosphate esters, Site characteristics
National Category
Occupational Health and Environmental Health
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-106754DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165198ISI: 001037732900001PubMedID: 37391153Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85163844513OAI: oai:DiVA.org:oru-106754DiVA, id: diva2:1778645
Funder
Region Sörmland
Note

Funding agencies:

National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 22006144

European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC) LRI-B17-SHINE

 

Available from: 2023-07-03 Created: 2023-07-03 Last updated: 2024-10-24Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Children’s exposure to flame retardants and plasticizers in preschools and homes: a chemical and bioanalytical approach
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Children’s exposure to flame retardants and plasticizers in preschools and homes: a chemical and bioanalytical approach
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Chemicals with plasticizing and flame-retardant properties have widespread usage in materials and products designed and produced for everyday life, therefore present in various indoor environments. Their associations with endocrine-disrupting potentials and related health concerns, particularly for children, motivated exploring children's exposure through their everyday indoor environments, which is the main objective of this thesis. Therefore, a suit of chemicals including 50 halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) were measured in preschool and home indoor dust (Paper I) and in children’s handwipes (Paper II), along with 14 urinary plasticizer metabolites (Paper III). In addition, the endocrine activity of home and preschool dust was assessed employing cell-based bioassays (Paper IV) and compared to the results in Paper I-III. HFRs and/or OPEs were detected in all handwipe samples with higher levels related to more electronic devices and plastic toys in the premises. For most compounds the levels differed statistically significantly between municipalities, and several correlated with indoor dust levels. Hand-to-mouth dust ingestion was the predominate exposure route. However, no established reference doses (RfD) were exceeded, except for one OPE in a worst-case scenario. Urinary metabolite levels of strictly regulated plasticizers were higher if attending an older preschool. However, the levels were higher after the weekend than after a preschool day, suggesting higher exposure to banned chemicals in environments other than preschools, with human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GV) exceeded in three samples. Endocrine activity was detected in both home and preschool dust, which further emphasizes exposure to EDCs through the indoor environment, promoting a focus on indoor spaces to reduce children’s exposure.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Örebro: Örebro University, 2024. p. 81
Series
Örebro Studies in Chemistry, ISSN 1651-4270 ; 32
Keywords
Halogenated flame retardants, organophosphate esters, phthalates, bioassay, handwipe, urine, indoor dust, indoor environment
National Category
Other Chemistry Topics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-116716 (URN)9789175295923 (ISBN)9789175295930 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-11-15, Örebro universitet, Forumhuset, Hörsal F, Fakultetsgatan 1, Örebro, 10:15 (Swedish)
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Supervisors
Available from: 2024-10-15 Created: 2024-10-15 Last updated: 2024-11-01Bibliographically approved

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Sjöström, YlvaHagström, KatjaHagberg, Jessika

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