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Hypoxia matters: comparison of external and internal training load markers during an 8-week resistance training program in normoxia, normobaric hypoxia and hypobaric hypoxia
Örebro University, School of Health Sciences. Division of Sport Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4627-7254
Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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2024 (English)In: European Journal of Applied Physiology, ISSN 1439-6319, E-ISSN 1439-6327, Vol. 124, p. 2273-2283Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: To compare external and internal training load markers during resistance training (RT) in normoxia (N), intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (HH), and intermittent normobaric hypoxia (NH).

Methods: Thirty-three volunteers were assigned an 8-week RT program in either N (690 m, n = 10), HH (2320 m, n = 10), or NH (inspired fraction of oxygen = 15.9%; ~ 2320 m, n = 13). The RT program (3x/week) consisted of six exercises, with three sets of six to 12 repetitions at ~ 70% of one repetition maximum (1RM) with the first session of each week used for analysis. 1RM in back squat and bench press was used to evaluate muscle strength before and after the program. External load was assessed by the volume load relative to body mass (RVL, kg·kg-1). Internal load was assessed by the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR).

Results: Smaller relative improvements were found for the back squat in the N group (11.5 ± 8.8%) when compared to the NH group (22.2 ± 8.2%, P = 0.01) and the HH group (22 ± 8.1%, P = 0.02). All groups showed similar RVL, HR responses and RPE across the program (P˃0.05). However, reduced HR recovery values, calculated as the difference between the highest HR value (HRpeak) and the resting heart rate after a two min rest, were seen in the N and NH groups across the program (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: It seems that 8 weeks of intermittent RT in hypoxic environments could maximize time-efficiency when aiming to improve strength levels in back squat without evoking higher levels of physiological stress. Performing RT at hypobaric hypoxia may improve the cardiorespiratory response, which in turn could speed recovery.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2024. Vol. 124, p. 2273-2283
Keywords [en]
Altitude, Hypoxic training, Monitoring load, Performance, Resistance training
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-112207DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05442-1ISI: 001177208300002PubMedID: 38446192Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85186856195OAI: oai:DiVA.org:oru-112207DiVA, id: diva2:1843040
Funder
Örebro University
Note

Open access funding provided by Orebro University. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under grant [PGC2018-097388-B-I00-MCI/AEI/FEDER, UE], by the Andalusian FEDER Operational Program [B-CTS-374-UGR20] and FPU pre-doctoral grant [FPU18/00686] awarded to one of the authors. 

Available from: 2024-03-07 Created: 2024-03-07 Last updated: 2025-01-20Bibliographically approved

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Rodriguez-Zamora, Lara

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