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  • 1.
    Abuabaid, Hanan
    et al.
    Örebro University, School of Science and Technology.
    Karlsson, Mattias
    Örebro University, School of Science and Technology.
    Scherbak, Nikolai
    Örebro University, School of Science and Technology.
    Olsson, Per-Erik
    Örebro University, School of Science and Technology.
    Jass, Jana
    Örebro University, School of Science and Technology.
    Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus alters inflammatory responses of bladder epithelial and macrophage-like cells in co-cultureManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 2.
    Ahle, Charlotte M.
    et al.
    Beiersdorf AG, Research & Development, Front End Innovation, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
    Stødkilde, Kristian
    Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
    Afshar, Mastaneh
    Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
    Poehlein, Anja
    Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
    Ogilvie, Lesley A.
    Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
    Söderquist, Bo
    Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology.
    Hüpeden, Jennifer
    Beiersdorf AG, Research & Development, Front End Innovation, Hamburg, Germany.
    Brüggemann, Holger
    Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
    Staphylococcus saccharolyticus: An Overlooked Human Skin Colonizer2020In: Microorganisms, E-ISSN 2076-2607, Vol. 8, no 8, article id E1105Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Coagulase-negative staphylococcal species constitute an important part of the human skin microbiota. In particular, facultative anaerobic species such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus capitis can be found on the skin of virtually every human being. Here, we applied a culture-independent amplicon sequencing approach to identify staphylococcal species on the skin of healthy human individuals. While S. epidermidis and S. capitis were found as primary residents of back skin, surprisingly, the third most abundant member was Staphylococcus saccharolyticus, a relatively unstudied species. A search of skin metagenomic datasets detected sequences identical to the genome of S. saccharolyticus in diverse skin sites, including the back, forehead, and elbow pit. Although described as a slow-growing anaerobic species, a re-evaluation of its growth behavior showed that S. saccharolyticus can grow under oxic conditions, and, in particular, in a CO2-rich atmosphere. We argue here that S. saccharolyticus was largely overlooked in previous culture-dependent and -independent studies, due to its requirement for fastidious growth conditions and the lack of reference genome sequences, respectively. Future studies are needed to unravel the microbiology and host-interacting properties of S. saccharolyticus and its role as a prevalent skin colonizer.

  • 3.
    Andersson, Sören
    et al.
    Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences. Folkhälsomyndigheten, Public Health Agency of Sweden.
    Strid, Åke
    Örebro University, School of Science and Technology.
    CHIMERIC MOMP ANTIGEN2015Patent (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Download full text (pdf)
    Patent
  • 4.
    Andersson, Sören
    et al.
    Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences. Folkhälsomyndigheten, Public Health Agency of Sweden.
    Strid, Åke
    Örebro University, School of Science and Technology.
    Chimeric MOMP antigen2014Patent (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    The present invention regards polypeptides capable of eliciting an immunological response that is protective against Chlamydia trachomatis. The polypeptide comprises a first amino acid sequence which has at least 90% homology with the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 and a second amino acid sequence which has at least 90% homology with the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 2. Furthermore, production of these polypeptides and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them are also provided.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Patent
  • 5.
    Anjum, Muna F
    et al.
    Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
    Schmitt, Heike
    Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology - Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden.
    Berendonk, Thomas U
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden Present address: Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden.
    The potential of using E. coli as an indicator for the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment2021In: Current Opinion in Microbiology, ISSN 1369-5274, E-ISSN 1879-0364, Vol. 64, p. 152-158Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To understand the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), in a One-Health perspective, surveillance play an important role. Monitoring systems already exist in the human health and livestock sectors, but there are no environmental monitoring programs. Therefore there is an urgent need to initiate environmental AMR monitoring programs nationally and globally, which will complement existing systems in different sectors. However, environmental programs should not only identify anthropogenic influences and levels of AMR, but they should also allow for identification of transmissions to and from human and animal populations. In the current review we therefore propose using antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli as indicators for monitoring occurrence and levels of AMR in the environment, including wildlife.

  • 6.
    Asghar, Naveed
    et al.
    School of Natural Science, Technology & Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden .
    Lee, Yi-Ping
    Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology,Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; The Laboratory for Molecular Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Emma
    Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; The Laboratory for Molecular Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    Lindqvist, Richard
    Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; The Laboratory for Molecular Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    Melik, Wessam
    Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences.
    Kröger, Andrea
    Innate Immunity and Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Institute for Microbiology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
    Överby, Anna K.
    Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; The Laboratory for Molecular Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    Johansson, Magnus
    Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences.
    The role of the poly(A) tract in the replication and virulence of tick-borne encephalitis virus2016In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 6, article id 39265Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a flavivirus transmitted to humans, usually via tick bites. The virus causes tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in humans, and symptoms range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe and long-lasting sequelae, including permanent brain damage. It has been suggested that within the population of viruses transmitted to the mammalian host, quasispecies with neurotropic properties might become dominant in the host resulting in neurological symptoms. We previously demonstrated the existence of TBEV variants with variable poly(A) tracts within a single blood-fed tick. To characterize the role of the poly(A) tract in TBEV replication and virulence, we generated infectious clones of Torö-2003 with the wild-type (A)3C(A)6 sequence (Torö-6A) or with a modified (A)3C(A)38 sequence (Torö-38A). Torö-38A replicated poorly compared to Torö-6A in cell culture, but Torö-38A was more virulent than Torö-6A in a mouse model of TBE. Next-generation sequencing of TBEV genomes after passaging in cell culture and/or mouse brain revealed mutations in specific genomic regions and the presence of quasispecies that might contribute to the observed differences in virulence. These data suggest a role for quasispecies development within the poly(A) tract as a virulence determinant for TBEV in mice.

  • 7.
    Asghar, Naveed
    et al.
    School of Natural Science, Technology & Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden.
    Lindblom, Pontus
    Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
    Melik, Wessam
    School of Natural Science, Technology & Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden.
    Lindqvist, Richard
    Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    Haglund, Mats
    Department of Infectious Diseases, County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden.
    Forsberg, Pia
    Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
    Överby, Anna K.
    Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    Andreassen, Åshild
    Division of Infectious Disease Control, Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
    Lindgren, Per-Eric
    Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Division of Medical Services, Department of Microbiology, County Hospital Ryhov, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Johansson, Magnus
    Örebro University, School of Medicine, Örebro University, Sweden. School of Natural Science, Technology & Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden; RiSC - Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Sequenced Directly from Questing and Blood-Feeding Ticks Reveals Quasispecies Variance2014In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 9, no 7, article id e103264Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The increased distribution of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in Scandinavia highlights the importance of characterizing novel sequences within the natural foci. In this study, two TBEV strains: the Norwegian Mandal 2009 (questing nymphs pool) and the Swedish Saringe 2009 (blood-fed nymph) were sequenced and phylogenetically characterized. Interestingly, the sequence of Mandal 2009 revealed the shorter form of the TBEV genome, similar to the highly virulent Hypr strain, within the 3' non-coding region (3'NCR). A different genomic structure was found in the 3'NCR of Saringe 2009, as in-depth analysis demonstrated TBEV variants with different lengths within the poly(A) tract. This shows that TBEV quasispecies exists in nature and indicates a putative shift in the quasispecies pool when the virus switches between invertebrate and vertebrate environments. This prompted us to further sequence and analyze the 3'NCRs of additional Scandinavian TBEV strains and control strains, Hypr and Neudoerfl. Toro 2003 and Habo 2011 contained mainly a short (A) 3C(A)6 poly(A) tract. A similar pattern was observed for the human TBEV isolates 1993/783 and 1991/4944; however, one clone of 1991/4944 contained an (A) 3C(A)11 poly(A) sequence, demonstrating that quasispecies with longer poly(A) could be present in human isolates. Neudoerfl has previously been reported to contain a poly(A) region, but to our surprise the resequenced genome contained two major quasispecies variants, both lacking the poly(A) tract. We speculate that the observed differences are important factors for the understanding of virulence, spread, and control of the TBEV.

  • 8.
    Asghar, Naveed
    et al.
    Södertörns Högskola, Huddinge, Sweden.
    Wessam, Melik
    Södertörns Högskola, Huddinge, Sweden.
    Lindblom, Pontus
    Linköpings Universitet, Linköping, Sweden.
    Lindgren, Per-Erik
    Linköpings Universitet, Linköping, Sweden.
    Andreassen, Åshild
    Norska folkhälsoinstitutet, Oslo, Norway.
    Johansson, Magnus
    Örebro University, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden. Örebro University, School of Medicine, Örebro University, Sweden.
    Genomic Sequencing of Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus frin Questing and Blood-Feeding Ixodes ricinus2013Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 9.
    Atterby, Clara
    et al.
    Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden .
    Börjesson, Stefan
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden .
    Ny, Sofia
    Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden .
    Järhult, Josef D
    Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden .
    Byfors, Sara
    Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden .
    Bonnedahl, Jonas
    Center for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Kalmar County Council, Kalmar, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden .
    ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in Swedish gulls: A case of environmental pollution from humans?2017In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 12, no 12, article id e0190380Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    ESBL-producing bacteria are present in wildlife and the environment might serve as a resistance reservoir. Wild gulls have been described as frequent carriers of ESBL-producing E. coli strains with genotypic characteristics similar to strains found in humans. Therefore, potential dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria between the human population and wildlife need to be further investigated. Occurrence and characterization of ESBL-producing E. coli in Swedish wild gulls were assessed and compared to isolates from humans, livestock and surface water collected in the same country and similar time-period. Occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli in Swedish gulls is about three times higher in gulls compared to Swedish community carriers (17% versus 5%) and the genetic characteristics of the ESBL-producing E. coli population in Swedish wild gulls and Swedish human are similar. ESBL-plasmids IncF- and IncI1-type carrying ESBL-genes blaCTX-M-15 or blaCTX-M-14 were most common in isolates from both gulls and humans, but there was limited evidence of clonal transmission. Isolates from Swedish surface water harbored similar genetic characteristics, which highlights surface waters as potential dissemination routes between wildlife and the human population. Even in a low-prevalence country such as Sweden, the occurrence of ESBL producing E. coli in wild gulls and the human population appears to be connected and the occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli in Swedish gulls is likely a case of environmental pollution.

  • 10.
    Atterby, Clara
    et al.
    Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Osbjer, Kristina
    Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
    Tepper, Viktoria
    Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
    Rajala, Elisabeth
    Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Hernandez, Jorge
    Center for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Kalmar County Council, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Diagnostic Centrum, Clinic Microbiologic Laboratory, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden.
    Seng, Sokerya
    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
    Holl, Davun
    General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
    Bonnedahl, Jonas
    Center for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Kalmar County Council, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden.
    Magnusson, Ulf
    Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Järhult, Josef D
    Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Carriage of carbapenemase- and extended-spectrum cephalosporinase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in humans and livestock in rural Cambodia; gender and age differences and detection of blaOXA-48 in humans.2019In: Zoonoses and Public Health, ISSN 1863-1959, E-ISSN 1863-2378, Vol. 66, no 6, p. 603-617Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the frequency and characteristics of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli/Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPE/K) and extended-spectrum cephalosporinase-producing E. coli/K. pneumoniae (ESCE/K) in healthy humans and livestock in rural Cambodia. Additionally, household practices as risk factors for faecal carriage of ESCE/K are identified.

    METHODS: Faecal samples were obtained from 307 humans and 285 livestock including large ruminants, pigs and poultry living in 100 households in rural Cambodia in 2011. Each household was interviewed, and multilevel logistic model determined associations between household practices/meat consumption and faecal carriage of ESCE/K. CPE and ESCE/K were detected and further screened for colistin resistance genes.

    RESULTS: CPE/K isolates harbouring blaOXA-48 were identified in two humans. The community carriage of ESCE/K was 20% in humans and 23% in livestock. The same ESBL genes: blaCTX-M-15 , blaCTX-M-14 , blaCTX-M-27 , blaCTX-M-55 , blaSHV-2 , blaSHV-12 , blaSHV-28 ; AmpC genes: blaCMY-2 , blaCMY-42, blaDHA-1 ; and colistin resistance genes: mcr-1-like and mcr-3-like were detected in humans and livestock. ESCE/K was frequently detected in women, young children, pigs and poultry, which are groups in close contact. The practice of burning or burying meat waste and not collecting animal manure indoors and outdoors daily were identified as risk factors for faecal carriage of ESCE/K.

    CONCLUSIONS: Faecal carriage of E. coli and K. pneumoniae harbouring extended-spectrum cephalosporinase genes are common in the Cambodian community, especially in women and young children. Exposure to animal manure and slaughter products are risk factors for intestinal colonization of ESCE/K in humans.

  • 11.
    Atterby, Clara
    et al.
    Section of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Ramey, Andrew M
    US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, USA.
    Hall, Gabriel Gustafsson
    Section of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Järhult, Josef
    Section of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Bonnedahl, Jonas
    Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden;Department of Infectious Diseases, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden.
    Increased prevalence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in gulls sampled in Southcentral Alaska is associated with urban environments2016In: Infection Ecology & Epidemiology, ISSN 2000-8686, E-ISSN 2000-8686, Vol. 6, no 1, article id 32334Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose challenges to healthcare delivery systems globally; however, limited information is available regarding the prevalence and spread of such bacteria in the environment. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in large-bodied gulls (Larus spp.) at urban and remote locations in Southcentral Alaska to gain inference into the association between antibiotic resistance in wildlife and anthropogenically influenced habitats.

    METHODS: Escherichia coli was cultured (n=115 isolates) from fecal samples of gulls (n=160) collected from a remote location, Middleton Island, and a more urban setting on the Kenai Peninsula.

    RESULTS: Screening of E. coli from fecal samples collected from glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens) at Middleton Island revealed 8% of isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics and 2% of the isolates were resistant to three or more antibiotics. In contrast, 55% of E. coli isolates derived from fecal samples collected from large-bodied gulls (i.e. glaucous, herring [Larus argentatus], and potentially hybrid gulls) on the Kenai Peninsula were resistant to one or more antibiotics and 22% were resistant to three or more antibiotics. In addition, total of 16% of the gull samples from locations on the Kenai Peninsula harbored extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant E. coli isolates (extended-spectrum beta-lactamases [ESBL] and plasmid-encoded AmpC [pAmpC]), in contrast to Middleton Island where no ESBL- or pAmpC-producing isolates were detected.

    CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance is associated with urban environments in Southcentral Alaska and presumably influenced by anthropogenic impacts. Further investigation is warranted to assess how migratory birds may maintain and spread antimicrobial-resistant bacteria of relevance to human and animal health.

  • 12.
    Bang, Charlotte Sahlberg
    et al.
    Örebro University, School of Health Sciences.
    Demirel, Isak
    Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences.
    Kruse, Robert
    Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences.
    Persson, Katarina
    Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences.
    Global gene expression profiling and antibiotic susceptibility after repeated exposure to the carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) in multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli2017In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 12, no 6, article id e0178541Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Treatment of urinary tract infections is today a challenge due to the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). There is an urgent need for new treatment strategies for multidrug-resistant UPEC and preferably with targets that have low potential for development of resistance. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) are novel and potent antibacterial agents. The present study examines the transcriptomic targets of CORM-2 in a multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing UPEC isolate in response to a single exposure to CORM-2 and after repeated exposure to CORM-2. The bacterial viability and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were also examined after repeated exposure to CORM-2. Microarray analysis revealed that a wide range of processes were affected by CORM-2, including a general trend of down-regulation in energy metabolism and biosynthesis pathways and up-regulation of the SOS response and DNA repair. Several genes involved in virulence (ibpB), antibiotic resistance (marAB, mdtABC) and biofilm formation (bhsA, yfgF) were up-regulated, while some genes involved in virulence (kpsC, fepCEG, entABE), antibiotic resistance (evgA) and biofilm formation (artIP) were down-regulated. Repeated exposure to CORM-2 did not alter the gene expression patterns, the growth inhibitory response to CORM-2 or the MIC values for CORM-2, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim. This study identifies several enriched gene ontologies, modified pathways and single genes that are targeted by CORM-2 in a multidrug-resistant UPEC isolate. Repeated exposure to CORM-2 did not change the gene expression patterns or fold changes and the susceptibility to CORM-2 remained after repeated exposure.

  • 13.
    Bang, Charlotte Sahlberg
    et al.
    Örebro University, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden.
    Kinnunen, Annica
    IRiSC, Fac Med & Hlth, Univ Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.
    Karlsson, Marie
    IRiSC, Fac Med & Hlth, Univ Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.
    Önnberg, Anna
    Örebro University, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden. Dept Lab Med, Örebro Univ Hosp, Örebro, Sweden.
    Söderquist, Bo
    Örebro University, School of Medicine, Örebro University, Sweden. Örebro University Hospital. Dept Lab Med, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Persson, Katarina
    Örebro University, School of Medicine, Örebro University, Sweden.
    The antibacterial effect of nitric oxide against ESBL-producing uropathogenic E-coli is improved by combination with miconazole and polymyxin B nonapeptide2014In: BMC Microbiology, E-ISSN 1471-2180, Vol. 14, article id 65Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Nitric oxide (NO) is produced as part of the host immune response to bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections. The enzyme flavohemoglobin, coded by the hmp gene, is involved in protecting bacterial cells from the toxic effects of NO and represents a potentially interesting target for development of novel treatment concepts against resistant uropathogenic bacteria. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the in vitro antibacterial effects of NO can be enhanced by pharmacological modulation of the enzyme flavohemoglobin.

    Results: Four clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing uropathogenic E. coli were included in the study. It was shown that the NO-donor substance DETA/NO, but not inactivated DETA/NO, caused an initial growth inhibition with regrowth noted after 8 h of exposure. An hmp-deficient strain showed a prolonged growth inhibition in response to DETA/NO compared to the wild type. The imidazole antibiotic miconazole, that has been shown to inhibit bacterial flavohemoglobin activity, prolonged the DETA/NO-evoked growth inhibition. When miconazole was combined with polymyxin B nonapeptide (PMBN), in order to increase the bacterial wall permeability, DETA/NO caused a prolonged bacteriostatic response that lasted for up to 24 h.

    Conclusion: An NO-donor in combination with miconazole and PMBN showed enhanced antimicrobial effects and proved effective against multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing uropathogenic E. coli.

  • 14. Baskar, Sushmitha
    et al.
    Baskar, Ramanathan
    Routh, Joyanto
    Örebro University, School of Science and Technology.
    Biogenic evidences of moonmilk deposition in the Mawmluh cave, Meghalaya, India2011In: Geomicrobiology Journal, ISSN 0149-0451, E-ISSN 1521-0529, Vol. 28, no 3, p. 252-265Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Moonmilk, a microcrystalline secondary cave deposit, actively forms on the floor of Krem Mawmluh - a limestone cave in Meghalaya, Northeastern India. Due to the abundance of micrite and calcified microbial filaments, we hypothesize that these deposits form as a result of ongoing microbial interactions. Consistent with this idea, we report electron microscopic and microbiological evidences for the biological origin of moonmilk in Krem Mawmluh. Scanning electron microscopy indicated abundant calcified microbial filaments, needle calcite, fibre calcites (micro-fibre and nano-fibre calcite crystals), biofilm and microbial filaments in the moonmilk. The total viable culturable microbes showed high population densities for microbes in the moonmilk and moonmilk pool waters. In vitro culture experiments, confirmed the capability of many of the isolated strains to precipitate calcite and some of the identified isolates belonged to the Bacillus sp. and Actinomycetes. These results clearly support the biogenic nature of the deposits.

  • 15.
    Baskaran, Preetisri
    et al.
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Ekblad, Alf
    Örebro University, School of Science and Technology.
    Soucémarianadin, Laure N.
    CNRS, Laboratoire de Géologie de l'ENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France; Umeå University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå, Sweden.
    Hyvönen, Riitta
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Schleucher, Jürgen
    Umeå University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå, Sweden.
    Lindahl, Björn D.
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil and Environment, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Nitrogen dynamics of decomposing Scots pine needle litter depends on colonizing fungal species2019In: FEMS Microbiology Ecology, ISSN 0168-6496, E-ISSN 1574-6941, Vol. 95, no 6, article id fiz059Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In boreal ecosystems plant production is often limited by low availability of nitrogen. Nitrogen retention in below-ground organic pools plays an important role in restricting recirculation to plants and thereby hampers forest production. Saprotrophic fungi are commonly assigned to different decomposer strategies, but how these relate to nitrogen cycling remains to be understood. Decomposition of Scots pine needle litter was studied in axenic microcosms with the ligninolytic litter decomposing basidiomycete Gymnopus androsaceus or the stress tolerant ascomycete Chalara longipes. Changes in chemical composition were followed by 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy and nitrogen dynamics was assessed by the addition of a 15N tracer. Decomposition by C. longipes resulted in nitrogen retention in non-hydrolysable organic matter, enriched in aromatic and alkylic compounds, whereas the ligninolytic G. androsaceus was able to access this pool, counteracting nitrogen retention. Our observations suggest that differences in decomposing strategies between fungal species play an important role in regulating nitrogen retention and release during litter decomposition, implying that fungal community composition may impact nitrogen cycling at the ecosystem level.

  • 16.
    Bengtsson, Björn
    et al.
    National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Sweden.
    Persson, Lotta
    Swedish Animal Welfare Association, Sweden.
    Ekström, Kerstin
    National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Sweden.
    Unnerstad, Helle Ericsson
    National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Sweden.
    Uhlhorn, Henrik
    National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Sweden.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Sweden.
    High occurrence of mecC-MRSA in wild hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in Sweden2017In: Veterinary Microbiology, ISSN 0378-1135, E-ISSN 1873-2542, Vol. 207, p. 103-107Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigated the occurrence of mecC-MRSA in wild hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in Sweden and characterized the obtained isolates. Samples from 55 hedgehogs from five counties of Sweden were cultivated selectively for MRSA and putative isolates were confirmed by real-time PCR detecting mecA, mecC, nuc and PVL genes. mecC-MRSA was confirmed in 35 (64%) animals from three geographically separated counties. Confirmed isolates were spa-typed and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by broth microdilution. Eight different spa-types were identified (t843, t978, t3391, t9111, t10751, t10893, t11015, t15312) of which t843 (49%) was the most common. The spa-types t843, t3391 and t978 were found in isolates from two counties. The study shows that mecC-MRSA is common in wild hedgehogs in two counties of Sweden but occurs in hedgehogs also in other parts of the country. Our findings suggest that hedgehogs could be a reservoir for mecC-MRSA. In addition, similar spa-types of isolates from hedgehogs and isolates previously described in domesticated animals and in humans indicates transfer between these populations.

  • 17.
    Berndtson, Eva
    et al.
    Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Danielsson Tham, Marie-Louise
    Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Engvall, Anders
    Department of Epizootology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Campylobacter incidence on a chicken farm and the spread of Campylobacter during the slaughter process1996In: International Journal of Food Microbiology, ISSN 0168-1605, E-ISSN 1879-3460, Vol. 32, no 1-2, p. 35-47Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To get a better understanding of the epidemiology of Campylobacter, a chicken farm was studied for 16 weeks with samplings in each flock weekly from input until the flock became colonized with Campylobacter or slaughtered. Samples were taken from fresh droppings and from drinkers during the rearing period, as well as from the environment in empty houses. The spread of Campylobacter during the slaughter process was also surveyed. No Campylobacter was found in samples from newly-hatched ol one-week-old chickens or their drinkers. All Hocks but one were colonized at two to five weeks of age. All Campylobacter isolates belonged to the same sero- and biotype; C. jejuni Penner 2. The spread of Campylobacter in the flock was rapid and usually all samples were positive once colonization had been proven. C. jejuni was isolated from flies in ante-rooms as well as from air in chicken units ill houses with positive chicken flocks. Samples were taken at slaughter when some of the Campylobacter positive Hocks from the farm were slaughtered. Campylobacter were isolated from all sampled equipment along the processing line, from the chicken transport crates to the chillers, as well as from the air.

  • 18.
    Berndtson, Eva
    et al.
    Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Danielsson Tham, Marie-Louise
    Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Engvall, Anders
    Department of Epizootiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Experimental colonization of mice with Campylobacter jejuni1994In: Veterinary Microbiology, ISSN 0378-1135, E-ISSN 1873-2542, Vol. 41, no 1-2, p. 183-188Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The ability of one human and two chicken strains of Campylobacter jejuni to colonise and survive in three different strains of laboratory mice (NMRI, CBA and C57-Black) was studied. Mice were inoculated orally with Campylobacter jejuni and faeces samples were cultured at regular intervals during the following months. The length of colonisation of mice differed between mouse strains but also between Campylobacter strains. The mouse strain C57-Black was not colonised with C. jejuni to the same degree as the other mouse strains. It is concluded that mice can become colonised for prolonged periods and that they may act as reservoirs of Campylobacter for other species.

  • 19.
    Beuchat, L. R.
    et al.
    Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA.
    Frändberg, E.
    Biology Division, National Food Administration, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Deak, T.
    Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Szent Istvan University, Budapest, Hungary.
    Alzamora, S. M.
    Pabellon de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
    Chen, J.
    Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA.
    Guerrero, S.
    Pabellon de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
    López-Malo, A.
    Departmento de Ingenieria Quimica y Alimentos, Universidad de la Americas-Puebla, Sta. Catarina Martir, Puebla, Mexico.
    Ohlsson, I.
    Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Olsen, M.
    Biology Division, National Food Administration, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Peinado, J. M.
    Departmento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Completense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
    Schnürer, Johan
    Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    de Siloniz, M. I.
    Departmento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Completense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
    Tornai-Lehoczki, J.
    National Collection of Agricultural and Industrial Microorganisms, Szent Istvan University, Budapest, Hungary.
    Performance of mycological media in enumerating desiccated food spoilage yeasts: an interlaboratory study2001In: International Journal of Food Microbiology, ISSN 0168-1605, E-ISSN 1879-3460, Vol. 70, no 1-2, p. 89-96Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Dichloran 18% glycerol agar (DG18) was originally formulated to enumerate nonfastidious xerophilic moulds in foods containing rapidly growing Eurotium species. Some laboratories are now using DG18 as a general purpose medium for enumerating yeasts and moulds, although its performance in recovering yeasts from dry foods has not been evaluated. An interlaboratory study compared DG18 with dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar (DRBC), plate count agar supplemented with chloramphenicol (PCAC), tryptone glucose yeast extract chloramphenicol agar (TGYC), acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA), and orange serum agar (OSA) for their suitability to enumerate 14 species of lyophilized yeasts. The coefficient of variation for among-laboratories repeatability within yeast was 1.39% and reproducibility of counts among laboratories was 7.1%. The order of performance of media for recovering yeasts was TGYC > PCAC = OSA > APDA > DRBC > DG18. A second study was done to determine the combined effects of storage time and temperature on viability of yeasts and suitability of media for recovery. Higher viability was retained at - 18 degreesC than at 5 degreesC or 25 degreesC for up to 42 weeks, although the difference in mean counts of yeasts stored at - 18 degreesC and 25 degreesC was only 0.78 log(10) cfu/ml of rehydrated suspension. TGYC was equal to PCAC and superior to the other four media in recovering yeasts stored at - 18 degreesC, 5 degreesC, or 25 degreesC for up to 42 weeks. Results from both the interlaboratory study and the storage study support the use of TGYC for enumerating desiccated yeasts. DG18 is not recommended as a general purpose medium for recovering yeasts from a desiccated condition.

  • 20.
    Bi, Z
    et al.
    Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
    Sun, C
    Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Chen, B
    Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
    Ji, X
    Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
    Berglund, B
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
    Wang, M
    Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
    Nilsson, M
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
    Yin, H
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
    Sun, Q
    School of Health Care Management, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, NHFPC (Shandong University), Shandong, China.
    Hulth, A
    Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.
    Wang, Y
    Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
    Wu, C
    Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
    Bi, Z
    Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
    Nilsson, L E
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
    Identical genotypes of community-associated MRSA (ST59) and livestock-associated MRSA (ST9) in humans and pigs in rural China2018In: Zoonoses and Public Health, ISSN 1863-1959, E-ISSN 1863-2378, Vol. 65, no 3, p. 367-371Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigated the prevalence of MRSA in samples taken in households, with and without backyard pigs in villages in a rural area of Shandong Province, China. Community-associated MRSA and livestock-associated MRSA, belonging to ST59 and ST9, respectively, were identified in both humans and pigs. The genotypic and phenotypic comparison of isolates indicates that bidirectional transmission of MRSA has occurred between humans and pigs in the villages.

  • 21.
    Björk, Robert G.
    et al.
    Örebro University, School of Science and Technology. Dept Plant & Environm Sci, Univ Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Ernfors, Maria
    Dept Plant & Environm Sci, Univ Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Sikström, Ulf
    Forestry Res Inst Sweden Skogforsk, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Mats B.
    Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Swedish Univ Agr Sci SLU, Umeå, Sweden.
    Andersson, Mats X.
    Dept Plant & Environm Sci, Univ Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Rutting, Tobias
    Dept Plant & Environm Sci, Univ Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Klemedtsson, Leif
    Dept Plant & Environm Sci, Univ Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Contrasting effects of wood ash application on microbial community structure, biomass and processes in drained forested peatlands2010In: FEMS Microbiology Ecology, ISSN 0168-6496, E-ISSN 1574-6941, Vol. 73, no 3, p. 550-562Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The effects of wood ash application on soil microbial processes were investigated in three drained forested peatlands, which differed in nutrient status and time since application. Measured variables included the concentrations of soil elements and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), net nitrogen (N) mineralization, nitrification and denitrification enzyme activity, potential methane (CH(4)) oxidation, CH(4) production and microbial respiration kinetics. Wood ash application had a considerable influence on soil element concentrations. This mirrored a decrease in the majority of the microbial biomarkers by more than one-third in the two oligotrophic peatlands, although the microbial community composition was not altered. The decreases in PLFAs coincided with reduced net ammonification and net N mineralization. Other measured variables did not change systematically as a result of wood ash application. No significant changes in microbial biomass or processes were found in the mesotrophic peatland, possibly because too little time (1 year) had elapsed since the wood ash application. This study suggests that oligotrophic peatlands can be substantially affected by wood ash for a period of at least 4 years after application. However, within 25 years of the wood ash application, the microbial biomass seemed to have recovered or adapted to enhanced element concentrations in the soil.

  • 22.
    Blomqvist, J.
    et al.
    Department of Microbiology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    South, E.
    Department of Microbiology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Tiukova, L.
    Department of Microbiology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Momeni, M. H.
    Department of Molecular Biology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Hansson, H.
    Department of Molecular Biology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Ståhlberg, J.
    Department of Molecular Biology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Horn, S. J.
    Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
    Schnürer, Johan
    Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Passoth, V.
    Department of Microbiology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysate by the alternative industrial ethanol yeast Dekkera bruxellensis2011In: Letters in Applied Microbiology, ISSN 0266-8254, E-ISSN 1472-765X, Vol. 53, no 1, p. 73-78Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: Testing the ability of the alternative ethanol production yeast Dekkera bruxellensis to produce ethanol from lignocellulose hydrolysate and comparing it to Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

    Methods and Results: Industrial isolates of D. bruxellensis and S. cerevisiae were cultivated in small-scale batch fermentations of enzymatically hydrolysed steam exploded aspen sawdust. Different dilutions of hydrolysate were tested. None of the yeasts grew in undiluted or 1 : 2 diluted hydrolysate [final glucose concentration always adjusted to 40 g l(-1) (0.22 mol l(-1))]. This was most likely due to the presence of inhibitors such as acetate or furfural. In 1 : 5 hydrolysate, S. cerevisiae grew, but not D. bruxellensis, and in 1 : 10 hydrolysate, both yeasts grew. An external vitamin source (e.g. yeast extract) was essential for growth of D. bruxellensis in this lignocellulosic hydrolysate and strongly stimulated S. cerevisiae growth and ethanol production. Ethanol yields of 0 42 +/- 0 01 g ethanol (g glucose)(-1) were observed for both yeasts in 1 : 10 hydrolysate. In small-scale continuous cultures with cell recirculation, with a gradual increase in the hydrolysate concentration, D. bruxellensis was able to grow in 1 : 5 hydrolysate. In bioreactor experiments with cell recirculation, hydrolysate contents were increased up to 1 : 2 hydrolysate, without significant losses in ethanol yields for both yeasts and only slight differences in viable cell counts, indicating an ability of both yeasts to adapt to toxic compounds in the hydrolysate.

    Conclusions: Dekkera bruxellensis and S. cerevisiae have a similar potential to ferment lignocellulose hydrolysate to ethanol and to adapt to fermentation inhibitors in the hydrolysate.

    Significance and Impact of the study: This is the first study investigating the potential of D. bruxellensis to ferment lignocellulosic hydrolysate. Its high competitiveness in industrial fermentations makes D. bruxellensis an interesting alternative for ethanol production from those substrates.

  • 23.
    Boysen, Marianne E.
    et al.
    Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Jacobsson, Karl-Gustav
    Feed Laboratory, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Schnürer, Johan
    Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Molecular identification of species from the Penicillium roqueforti group associated with spoiled animal feed2000In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, ISSN 0099-2240, E-ISSN 1098-5336, Vol. 66, no 4, p. 1523-1526Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Penicillium roqueforti group has recently been split into three species, P, roqueforti, Penicillium carneum, and Penicillium paneum, on the basis of differences in ribosomal DNA sequences and secondary metabolite profiles. We reevaluated the taxonomic identity of 52 livestock feed isolates from Sweden, previously identified by morphology as P. roqueforti, by comparing the sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region. Identities were confirmed with random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis and secondary metabolite profiles. Of these isolates, 48 were P. roqueforti, 2 were P. paneum, and 2 were Penicillium expansum. No P. carneum isolates were found, The three species produce different mycotoxins, but no obvious relationship between mold and animal disease was detected, based on medical records, P. roqueforti appears to dominate in silage, but the ecological and toxicological importance of P. carneum and P. paneum as feed spoilage fungi is not clear. This is the first report of P. expansum in silage.

  • 24.
    Broberg, Anders
    et al.
    Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.
    Jacobsson, Karin
    Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Ström, Katrin
    Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Schnürer, Johan
    Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Metabolite profiles of lactic acid bacteria in grass silage2007In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, ISSN 0099-2240, E-ISSN 1098-5336, Vol. 73, no 17, p. 5547-5552Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The metabolite production of lactic acid bacteria JAB) on silage was investigated. The aim was to compare the production of antifungal metabolites in silage with the production in liquid cultures previously studied in our laboratory. The following metabolites were found to be present at elevated concentrations in silos inoculated with LAB strains: 3-hydroxydecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid, benzoic acid, catechol, hydrocinnamic acid, salicylic acid, 3-phenyllactic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (trans, trans)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid, p-hydrocoumaric acid, vanillic acid, azelaic acid, hydroferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, hydrocaffeic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid. Among these metabolites, the antifungal compounds 3-phenyllactic acid and 3-hydroxydecanoic acid were previously isolated in our laboratory from liquid cultures of the same LAB strains by bioassay-guided fractionation. It was concluded that other metabolites, e.g., p-hydrocoumaric acid, hydroferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid, were released from the grass by the added LAB strains. The antifungal activities of the identified metabolites in 100 mM lactic acid were investigated. The MICs against Pichia anomala, Penicillium roqueforti, and Aspergillus fumigatus were determined, and 3-hydroxydecanoic acid showed the lowest MIC (0.1 mg ml(-1) for two of the three test organisms).

  • 25.
    Brown, Phillip
    et al.
    Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
    Lee, Sangmi
    Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Chengju 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
    Elhanafi, Driss
    Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
    Tham, Wilhelm
    Örebro University, School of Hospitality, Culinary Arts & Meal Science.
    Danielsson Tham, Marie-Louise
    Örebro University, School of Hospitality, Culinary Arts & Meal Science.
    Lopez-Valladares, Gloria
    School of Hospitality, Culinary Arts and Meal Science, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden.
    Chen, Yi
    Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
    Ivanova, Mirena
    Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
    Leekitcharoenphon, Pimlapas
    Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
    Kathariou, Sophia
    Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
    Investigation of a Listeria monocytogenes Chromosomal Immigration Control Region Reveals Diverse Restriction Modification Systems with Complete Sequence Type Conservation2023In: Microorganisms, E-ISSN 2076-2607, Vol. 11, no 3, article id 699Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive pathogen responsible for the severe foodborne disease listeriosis. A chromosomal hotspot between lmo0301 and lmo0305 has been noted to harbor diverse restriction modification (RM) systems. Here, we analyzed 872 L. monocytogenes genomes to better understand the prevalence and types of RM systems in this region, designated the immigration control region (ICR). Type I, II, III and IV RM systems were found in 86.1% of strains inside the ICR and in 22.5% of strains flanking the ICR. ICR content was completely conserved within the same multilocus sequence typing-based sequence type (ST), but the same RM system could be identified in diverse STs. The intra-ST conservation of ICR content suggests that this region may drive the emergence of new STs and promote clone stability. Sau3AI-like, LmoJ2 and LmoJ3 type II RM systems as well as type I EcoKI-like, and type IV AspBHI-like and mcrB-like systems accounted for all RM systems in the ICR. A Sau3AI-like type II RM system with specificity for GATC was harbored in the ICR of many STs, including all strains of the ancient, ubiquitous ST1. The extreme paucity of GATC recognition sites in lytic phages may reflect ancient adaptation of these phages to preempt resistance associated with the widely distributed Sau3AI-like systems. These findings indicate that the ICR has a high propensity for RM systems which are intraclonaly conserved and may impact bacteriophage susceptibility as well as ST emergence and stability.

  • 26.
    Båth, Klara
    et al.
    Department of Microbiology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Persson, Karin Neil
    Department of Microbiology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Schnürer, Johan
    Department of Microbiology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Leong, Su-lin L.
    Department of Microbiology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Microbiota of an unpasteurised cellar-stored goat cheese from northern Sweden2012In: Agricultural and Food Science, ISSN 1459-6067, E-ISSN 1795-1895, Vol. 21, no 2, p. 197-203Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This qualitative study reports on lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeasts and moulds isolated from three artisanal Swedish cellar-stored goat cheeses aged for 1, 3 and 5 months. Starter culture LAB dominated in the younger cheeses, and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, common in raw goats' milk, had persisted from the unpasteurised milk into all the cheeses. Non-starter LAB dominated in the 5 month cheese, in particular, Lactobacillus sakei, a meat-associated LAB not previously isolated from cheese. Debaryomyces hansenii, and Penicillium and Mucor species were dominant among the yeasts and moulds, respectively. The cheese rind was not formed primarily from Penicillium species as in traditional cheeses such as Camembert - rather, mycelium from Mucor mucedo contributed to rind formation. Mould species known to produce sterigmatocystin, aflatoxins or ochratoxin A in cheese were not isolated in this study; growth of mycotoxigenic Aspergilli may have been inhibited by the cool conditions in the earth-cellar (4-6 degrees C).

  • 27.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    et al.
    Department of Animal health and Antimicrobial strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, SE-751 89, Sweden.
    Bengtsson, Björn
    Department of Animal health and Antimicrobial strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, SE-751 89, Sweden.
    Jernberg, Cecilia
    Department of Preparedness, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (Nobelsväg 18), Solna, 17182, Sweden.
    Englund, Stina
    Department of Animal health and Antimicrobial strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, SE-751 89, Sweden.
    Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolates in Swedish broilers mediated by an incl plasmid carrying bla(CTX-M-1)2013In: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, ISSN 0044-605X, E-ISSN 1751-0147, Vol. 55, article id 3Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: The already high and increasing occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli in European broiler populations is of concern due to the fact that third and fourth generation cephalosporins are deemed critically important in human medicine. In Sweden 34% of the broilers carry ESBL/pAmpC producing E. coli in their gut, despite the absence of a known selection pressure such as antimicrobial usages. The aim of the current study was to characterise a selection of E. coli strains carrying the blaCTX-M-1, to determine if the spread was due to a specific clone.

    FINDINGS: Ten isolates carrying blaCTX-M-1 from Swedish broilers belonged to eight different multi-locus sequence types with three isolates belonging to ST155. The ST155 isolates were identical as assessed by PFGE. The blaCTX-M-1 was in all isolates carried on a plasmid of replicon type incI, which also transferred resistance to tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole.

    CONCLUSION: The occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli in the Swedish broilers is not due to the emergence of a single clone, but rather the spread of a specific incI plasmid carrying blaCTX-M-1.

  • 28.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    et al.
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Brouwer, Michael S M
    Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interactions and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands.
    Östlund, Emma
    Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Eriksson, Jenny
    Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Elving, Josefine
    Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Karlsson Lindsjö, Oskar
    Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.
    Engblom, Linda I
    Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Detection of an IMI-2 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter asburiae at a Swedish feed mill2022In: Frontiers in Microbiology, E-ISSN 1664-302X, Vol. 13, article id 993454Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Occurrence of multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae in livestock is of concern as they can spread to humans. A potential introduction route for these bacteria to livestock could be animal feed. We therefore wanted to identify if Escherichia spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., or Raoutella spp. with transferable resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems or colistin could be detected in the environment at feed mills in Sweden. A second aim was to compare detected isolates to previous described isolates from humans and animals in Sweden to establish relatedness which could indicate a potential transmission between sectors and feed mills as a source for antibiotic resistant bacteria. However, no isolates with transferable resistance to extended-cephalosporins or colistin could be identified, but one isolate belonging to the Enterobacter cloacae complex was shown to be carbapenem-resistant and showing carbapenemase-activity. Based on sequencing by both short-read Illumina and long-read Oxford Nanopore MinIon technologies it was shown that this isolate was an E. asburiae carrying a bla IMI-2 gene on a 216 Kbp plasmid, designated pSB89A/IMI-2, and contained the plasmid replicons IncFII, IncFIB, and a third replicon showing highest similarity to the IncFII(Yp). In addition, the plasmid contained genes for various functions such as plasmid segregation and stability, plasmid transfer and arsenical transport, but no additional antibiotic resistance genes. This isolate and the pSB89A/IMI-2 was compared to three human clinical isolates positive for bla IMI-2 available from the Swedish antibiotic monitoring program Swedres. It was shown that one of the human isolates carried a plasmid similar with regards to gene content to the pSB89A/IMI-2 except for the plasmid transfer system, but that the order of genes was different. The pSB89A/IMI-2 did however share the same transfer system as the bla IMI-2 carrying plasmids from the other two human isolates. The pSB89A/IMI-2 was also compared to previously published plasmids carrying bla IMI-2, but no identical plasmids could be identified. However, most shared part of the plasmid transfer system and DNA replication genes, and the bla IMI-2 gene was located next the transcription regulator imiR. The IS3-family insertion element downstream of imiR in the pSB89A was also related to the IS elements in other bla IMI-carrying plasmids.

  • 29.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    et al.
    National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Egervärn, Maria
    National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Lindblad, Mats
    National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Englund, Stina
    National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Frequent occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and transferable ampc beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli on domestic chicken meat in Sweden2013In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, ISSN 0099-2240, E-ISSN 1098-5336, Vol. 79, no 7, p. 2463-2466Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Forty-four percent of Swedish chicken meat fillets were contaminated with extended-spectrum or transferable AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strains. Isolates from Swedish chicken meat and broilers were closely related to isolates from chicken meat imported into Sweden; these results indicate a common source of the contamination.

  • 30.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    et al.
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
    Greko, Christina
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Myrenås, Mattias
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Landén, Annica
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Oskar
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Pedersen, Karl
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    A link between the newly described colistin resistance gene mcr-9 and clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates carrying blaSHV-12 from horses in Sweden2020In: Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, ISSN 2213-7165, E-ISSN 2213-7173, Vol. 20, p. 285-289Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of the newly described transferable colistin resistance gene mcr-9 in extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates from horses in Sweden.

    METHODS: A total of 56 whole-genome sequenced ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates from horses were subjected to in silico detection of antimicrobial resistance genes and identification of plasmid replicons types. The colistin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for mcr-positive isolates was determined by broth microdilution. Relatedness between Enterobacteriaceae carrying mcr genes was determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and core genome MLST.

    RESULTS: Thirty ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates from horses were positive for the colistin resistance gene mcr-9. These isolates included Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca and Citrobacter freundii and belonged to diverse MLST sequence types within each species. Two of the mcr-9-containing isolates originated from the same horse. All mcr-9-positive isolates had colistin MICs below or equal to the EUCAST epidemiological cut-off value of 2 mg/L and were negative for the two potential regulatory genes qseB-like and qseC-like for mcr-9. Except for one isolate carrying only blaTEM-1B, all of the isolates carried blaSHV-12 and blaTEM-1B, and were all considered multidrug-resistant as they harboured genes encoding resistance to aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, fosfomycin, macrolides, quinolones, sulfonamides, trimethoprim and tetracyclines. Plasmid replicon types IncHI2 and IncHI2A were detected in all mcr-9-positive isolates.

    CONCLUSION: The occurrence of mcr-9 was common among clinical ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates from horses in Sweden and was linked to the ESBL-encoding gene blaSHV-12 and plasmid replicon types IncHI2 and IncHI2A.

  • 31.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    et al.
    National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Guillard, Thomas
    CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, F-51092 Reims, France; UFR Médecine, EA 4687 ERA, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, F-51092 Reims, France.
    Landén, Annica
    National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Bengtsson, Björn
    National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Oskar
    National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Introduction of quinolone resistant Escherichia coli to Swedish broiler population by imported breeding animals2016In: Veterinary Microbiology, ISSN 0378-1135, E-ISSN 1873-2542, Vol. 194, p. 74-78Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During recent years a rapid increase of quinolone resistant Escherichia coli have been noted in the Swedish broiler population, despite the lack of a known selective pressure. The current study wanted to investigate if imported breeding birds could be a source for the quinolone resistant E. coli. The occurrence of quinolone resistant E. coli was investigated, using selective cultivation with nalidixic acid, in grand-parent birds on arrival to Sweden and their progeny. In addition, sampling in hatcheries and empty cleaned poultry houses was performed. Clonality of isolates was investigated using a 10-loci multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). To identify the genetic basis for the resistance isolates were also analysed for occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants and characterization of chromosomal mutations. E. coli resistant to nalidixic acid occurred in grandparent birds imported to Sweden for breeding purposes. Four predominant MLVA types were identified in isolates from grandparent birds, parent birds and broilers. However, resistant E. coli with identical MLVA patterns were also present in hatcheries and poultry houses suggesting that the environment plays a role in the occurrence. Nalidixic acid resistance was due to a mutation in the gyrA gene and no PMQR could be identified. The occurrence of identical clones in all levels of the production pyramid points to that quinolone resistant E. coli can be introduced through imported breeding birds and spread by vertical transmission to all levels of the broiler production pyramid.

  • 32.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    et al.
    Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Gunnarsson, Lotta
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Landén, Annica
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Grönlund, Ulrika
    AniCura, Vendevägen 89, 182 32, Danderyd, Sweden.
    Low occurrence of extended-spectrum cephalosporinase producing Enterobacteriaceae and no detection of methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive staphylococci in healthy dogs in Sweden2020In: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, ISSN 0044-605X, E-ISSN 1751-0147, Vol. 62, article id 18Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sweden has a long tradition of monitoring occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in both animals and humans, but there currently is no organised and harmonized monitoring on carriage of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase (pAmpC), or methicillin-resistant coagulase positive staphylococci e.g. methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) in dogs. The aim of the current study was therefore to determine the prevalence of ESBL/pAmpC producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin-resistant coagulase positive staphylococci in healthy dogs in Sweden, and to phenotypically and genotypically characterize any identified isolates. It was shown that 0.9% (95% confident interval 0.3-2.7%) of the dogs (n = 325) carried multi-resistant ESBL-producing Escherichia coli, but that no methicillin-resistant coagulase positive staphylococci could be detected. In conclusion, the occurrence of multi-drug resistant bacteria remains rare among healthy dogs in Sweden. In addition, the ESBL-producing E. coli identified showed genetic characteristics related to those reported from humans.

  • 33.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    et al.
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Gómez-Sanz, E
    Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain; Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Switzerland.
    Ekström, K
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Torres, C
    Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain.
    Grönlund, U
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE751 89, Uppsala, Sweden; Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Staphylococcus pseudintermedius can be misdiagnosed as Staphylococcus aureus in humans with dog bite wounds.2015In: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, ISSN 0934-9723, E-ISSN 1435-4373, Vol. 34, p. 839-844Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study was to investigate whether S. pseudintermedius is misdiagnosed as S. aureus by clinical laboratories when isolated from humans with dog bite wounds. In addition, we attempted to determine whether S. pseudintermedius isolates related to dog bite wounds share phenotypic and genotypic traits. S. pseudintermedius was identified by PCR targeting the nuc gene. Isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using VetMIC GP-mo microdilution panels. The occurrence of genes encoding leukocidins, exfoliatins, pyrogenic toxin superantigens and enterotoxins was determined by PCR. The relatedness of S. pseudintermedius isolates was investigated using Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). Out of 101 isolates defined as S. aureus by human clinical microbiology laboratories, 13 isolates were re-identified as S. pseudintermedius and one isolate was confirmed to carry the mecA gene, i.e. methicillin-resistant (MRSP). The MRSP isolate was also defined as multi-resistant. Two methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius isolates were also multi-resistant and five were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. With the exception of three S. pseudintermedius isolates belonging to multi locus sequence type (MLST) 158, all the isolates belonged to unique STs. All isolates contained lukS/F-I, siet and se-int, and expA were identified in two isolates and expB and sec canine-sel in one isolate respectively. S. pseudintermedius is frequently misdiagnosed as S. aureus from humans with dog bite wounds showing that it can act as an opportunistic pathogen in humans. No common phenotypic and genotypic traits shared by the S. pseudintermedius isolates could be identified.

  • 34.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    et al.
    National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala.
    Jernberg, C
    Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI), Solna, Sweden.
    Brolund, A
    Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI), Solna, Sweden.
    Edquist, P
    Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI), Solna, Sweden.
    Finn, M
    National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala.
    Landén, A
    National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala.
    Olsson-Liljequist, B
    Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI), Solna, Sweden.
    Tegmark Wisell, K
    Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI), Solna, Sweden.
    Bengtsson, B
    National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala.
    Englund, S
    National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala.
    Characterization of plasmid-mediated AmpC-producing E. coli from Swedish broilers and association with human clinical isolates2013In: Clinical Microbiology and Infection, ISSN 1198-743X, E-ISSN 1469-0691, Vol. 19, no 7, p. E309-E311Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A selection of plasmid-mediated AmpC-producing Escherichia coli isolates carrying blaCMY-2 from Swedish broilers were characterized to establish their relatedness to and a possible overlap with human clinical E. coli isolates. The results showed diversity among the E. coli isolated from broilers, indicating that the spread in the population was not due to one strain. However, only one type of plasmid belonging to replicon type incK was identified. Furthermore, there were no indications of spread of blaCMY-2 E. coli isolates from broilers to human clinical settings, although Swedish broilers may be a source of blaCMY-2 and/or the plasmid carrying blaCMY-2 .

  • 35.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    et al.
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Landén, Annica
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Bergström, Martin
    Department of Business Support, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Andersson, Ulrika Grönlund
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Sweden2012In: Microbial Drug Resistance, ISSN 1076-6294, E-ISSN 1931-8448, Vol. 18, no 6, p. 597-603Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an opportunistic pathogen that is one of the most frequent causes of infections in dogs. In Europe, there are increasing reports of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), and in Sweden, MRSP has also been more frequently isolated during recent years. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the epidemiology and genetic relationship among the Swedish isolates. This study therefore investigated the genetic relationship of MRSP isolated from companion animals in Sweden. In the study, MRSP isolates taken in the period January 2008-June 2010 from a total of 226 dogs and cats were characterized by spa typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. In addition, the geographical distribution of the isolates based on year of isolation and genetic typing was determined using a geographical information system. One multiresistant clonal lineage dominated among Swedish MRSP isolates, corresponding to the European winning lineage ST71-J-t02-SCCmec II-III. Furthermore, the geographical dissemination of MRSP corresponded to areas with high dog densities, centered on the three major cities in Sweden where the largest animal hospitals are situated.

  • 36.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    et al.
    Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 85, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, County Hospital Ryhov, SE-551 85, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Ann
    Ryaverket, Gryaab, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Lindgren, Per-Eric
    Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 85, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, County Hospital Ryhov, SE-551 85, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Genes encoding tetracycline resistance in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant investigated during one year2010In: Journal of Water and Health, ISSN 1477-8920, E-ISSN 1996-7829, Vol. 8, no 2, p. 247-256Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tetracycline-resistant bacteria and genes encoding tetracycline resistance are common in anthropogenic environments. We studied how wastewater treatment affects the prevalence and concentration of two genes, tetA and tetB, that encode resistance to tetracycline. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) we analysed wastewater samples collected monthly for one year at eight key-sites in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). We detected tetA and tetB at each sampling site and the concentration of both genes, expressed per wastewater volume or per total-DNA, decreased over the treatment process. The reduction of tetA and tetB was partly the result of the sedimentation process. The ratio of tetA and tetB, respectively, to total DNA was lower in or after the biological processes. Taken together our data show that tetracycline resistance genes occur throughout the WWTP, and that the concentrations are reduced under conventional operational strategies.

  • 37.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    et al.
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, The National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, County Hospital Ryhov, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Matussek, A
    Department of Clinical Microbiology, County Hospital Ryhov, Jönköping, Sweden; Laboratory Services, Unilabs, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Melin, S
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, County Hospital Ryhov, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Löfgren, S
    Department of Clinical Microbiology, County Hospital Ryhov, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Lindgren, P E
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden Department of Clinical Microbiology, County Hospital Ryhov, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in municipal wastewater: an uncharted threat?2010In: Journal of Applied Microbiology, ISSN 1364-5072, E-ISSN 1365-2672, Vol. 108, no 4, p. 1244-1251Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS: (i) To cultivate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), (ii) To characterize the indigenous MRSA-flora, (iii) To investigate how the treatment process affects clonal distribution and (iv) To examine the genetic relation between MRSA from wastewater and clinical MRSA.

    METHODS: Wastewater samples were collected during 2 months at four key sites in the WWTP. MRSA isolates were characterized using spa typing, antibiograms, SSCmec typing and detection of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL).

    CONCLUSIONS: MRSA could be isolated on all sampling occasions, but only from inlet and activated sludge. The number of isolates and diversity of MRSA were reduced by the treatment process, but there are indications that the process was selected for strains with more extensive antibiotic resistance and PVL+ strains. The wastewater MRSA-flora had a close genetic relationship to clinical isolates, most likely reflecting carriage in the community.

    SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study shows that MRSA survives in wastewater and that the WWTP may be a potential reservoir for MRSA.

  • 38.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    et al.
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
    Melin, Sara
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, County Hospital Ryhov, SE-551 85 Jönköping, Sweden.
    Matussek, Andreas
    Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, County Hospital Ryhov, SE-551 85 Jönköping, Sweden; Unilabs, Capio S:t Görans Hospital, SE-112 81 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Lindgren, Per-Eric
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, County Hospital Ryhov, SE-551 85 Jönköping, Sweden.
    A seasonal study of the mecA gene and Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant S. aureus in a municipal wastewater treatment plant.2009In: Water Research, ISSN 0043-1354, E-ISSN 1879-2448, Vol. 43, no 4, p. 925-932Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), in which the mecA gene mediates resistance, threatens the treatment of staphylococcal diseases. The aims were to determine the effect of wastewater treatment processes on mecA gene concentrations, and the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA over time. To achieve this a municipal wastewater treatment plant was investigated for the mecA gene, S. aureus and MRSA, using real-time PCR assays. Water samples were collected monthly for one year, at eight sites in the plant, reflecting different aspects of the treatment process. The mecA gene and S. aureus could be detected throughout the year at all sampling sites. MRSA could also be detected, but mainly in the early treatment steps. The presence of MRSA was verified through cultivation from inlet water. The concentration of the mecA gene varied between months and sampling sites, but no obvious seasonal variation could be determined. The wastewater treatment process reduced the mecA gene concentration in most months. Taken together our results show that the mecA gene, S. aureus and MRSA occur over the year at all sites investigated.

  • 39.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    et al.
    National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Ny, Sofia
    Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Egervärn, Maria
    National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Bergström, Jakob
    Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Rosengren, Åsa
    National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Englund, Stina
    National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Löfmark, Sonja
    Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Byfors, Sara
    Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Limited Dissemination of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase- and Plasmid-Encoded AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli from Food and Farm Animals, Sweden2016In: Emerging Infectious Diseases, ISSN 1080-6040, E-ISSN 1080-6059, Vol. 22, no 4, p. 634-640Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and plasmid-encoded ampC (pAmpC)-producing Enterobacteriaceae might spread from farm animals to humans through food. However, most studies have been limited in number of isolates tested and areas studied. We examined genetic relatedness of 716 isolates from 4,854 samples collected from humans, farm animals, and foods in Sweden to determine whether foods and farm animals might act as reservoirs and dissemination routes for ESBL/pAmpC-producing Escherichia coli. Results showed that clonal spread to humans appears unlikely. However, we found limited dissemination of genes encoding ESBL/pAmpC and plasmids carrying these genes from foods and farm animals to healthy humans and patients. Poultry and chicken meat might be a reservoir and dissemination route to humans. Although we found no evidence of clonal spread of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli from farm animals or foods to humans, ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli with identical genes and plasmids were present in farm animals, foods, and humans.

  • 40.
    Börjesson, Thomas
    et al.
    The Swedish Institute for Food Research, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Stöllman, Ulla
    The Swedish Institute for Food Research, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Schnürer, Johan
    Department of Microbiology, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Volatile Metabolites and Other Indicators of Penicillium aurantiogriseum Growth on Different Substrates1990In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, ISSN 0099-2240, E-ISSN 1098-5336, Vol. 56, no 12, p. 3705-3710Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Penicillium aurantiogriseum Dierckx was cultivated on six agar substrates (barley meal agar, oat meal agar, wheat meal agar, malt extract agar, Czapek agar, and Norkrans agar) and on oat grain for 5 days in cultivation vessels provided with an inlet and an outlet for air. Volatile metabolites produced by the cultures were collected on a porous polymer adsorbent by passing an airstream through the vessel. Volatile metabolites were collected between days 2 and 5 after inoculation. CO2 production was simultaneously measured, and after the cultivation period ergosterol contents and the numbers of CFU of the cultures were determined. Alcohols of low molecular weight and sesquiterpenes were the dominant compounds found. During growth on oat grain the production of 8-carbon alcohols and 3-methyl-1-butanol was higher and the production of terpenes was lower than during growth on agar substrates. The compositions of the volatile metabolites from oat grain were more similar to those from wheat grain, which was used as a substrate in a previous investigation, than to those produced on any of the agar substrates. Regarding the agar substrates, the production of terpenes was most pronounced on the artificial substrates (Czapek agar and Norkrans agar) whereas alcohol production was highest on substrates based on cereals. The production of volatile metabolites was highly correlated with the production of CO2 and moderately correlated with ergosterol contents, whereas no correlation with the numbers of CFU was found. Thus, the volatile metabolites formed and the ergosterol contents of fungal cultures should be good indicators of present and past fungal activity.

  • 41.
    Börjesson, Thomas
    et al.
    SIK - The Swedish Institute for Food Research, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Stöllman, Ulla
    SIK - The Swedish Institute for Food Research, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Schnürer, Johan
    Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Volatile Metabolites Produced by Six Fungal Species Compared with Other Indicators of Fungal Growth on Cereal Grains1992In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, ISSN 0099-2240, E-ISSN 1098-5336, Vol. 58, no 8, p. 2599-2605Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Six fungal species, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. glabrum, P. roqueforti, Aspergillus flavus, A. versicolor, and A. candidus, were inoculated on moistened and autoclaved wheat and oat grains. They were cultivated in glass vessels provided with an inlet and outlet for air. Air was passed through the vessels to collect volatile fungal metabolites on porous polymer adsorbents attached to the outlet. Samples were collected at two fungal growth stages. Adsorbed compounds were thermally desorbed, separated by gas chromatography, and identified by mass spectrometry. Differences in the production of volatile metabolites depended more on the fungal species than on the grain type. The fungal growth stage was not an important factor determining the composition of volatiles produced. 3-Methylfuran was produced in similar amounts regardless of the fungal species and substrate (oat versus wheat). The production of volatile metabolites was compared with the production of ergosterol and CO2 and the number of CFU. The production of volatile metabolites was more strongly correlated with accumulated CO2 production than with actual CO2 production and more strongly correlated with ergosterol contents of the grain than with numbers of CFU.

  • 42.
    Chen, Baoli
    et al.
    Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China.
    Berglund, Björn
    Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State .
    Wang, Shuang
    Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.
    Bi, Zhenqiang
    Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China.
    Nilsson, Maud
    Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
    Yin, Hong
    Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
    Zheng, Beiwen
    Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated .
    Xiao, Yonghong
    Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated .
    Bi, Zhenwang
    Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
    Nilsson, Lennart E
    Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
    Rapid increase in occurrence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in healthy rural residents in Shandong Province, China, from 2015 to 20172022In: Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, ISSN 2213-7165, E-ISSN 2213-7173, Vol. 28, p. 38-42Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVES: The global increase in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is a growing health concern. Infections caused by CRE are associated with increased mortality and length of hospital stay, emphasising the health and economic burden posed by these pathogens. Although CRE can inhabit the human gut asymptomatically, colonisation with CRE is associated with an increased risk of CRE infection and mortality. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and characteristics of CRE in faecal samples from healthy persons in 12 villages in Shandong Province, China.

    METHODS: Screening for CRE in faecal samples was performed by selective cultivation. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of meropenem were determined by the agar dilution method. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and carbapenemase gene carriage of the isolates were determined by whole-genome sequencing. Genetic relatedness of Escherichia coli isolates was determined by core genome MLST.

    RESULTS: CRE carriage increased from 2.4% in 2015 to 13.4% in 2017. Most CRE isolates (93.0%) were E. coli and all carried NDM-type carbapenemases. Sequence types (STs) among the E. coli isolates were diverse. The single most common ST was the highly epidemic strain ST167, which was only observed in 2017.

    CONCLUSION: We report a rapid increase in occurrence of CRE (from 2.4% to 13.4%) among faecal samples collected from healthy rural residents of Shandong Province from 2015 to 2017. Colonisation with CRE is known to increase the risk of CRE infection, and the worrying deterioration of the epidemiological situation in the region reported here indicates a need for further monitoring and possible interventions.

  • 43.
    Chi, Xiaohui
    et al.
    Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
    Berglund, Björn
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
    Zou, Huiyun
    Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
    Zheng, Beiwen
    State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Ji, Xiang
    Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
    Ottoson, Jakob
    Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Lundborg, Cecilia Stålsby
    Department of Public Health Sciences, Global Health—Health Systems and Policy, Medicines, Focusing Antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Li, Xuewen
    Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
    Nilsson, Lennart E
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
    Characterization of Clinically Relevant Strains of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Occurring in Environmental Sources in a Rural Area of China by Using Whole-Genome Sequencing2019In: Frontiers in Microbiology, E-ISSN 1664-302X, Vol. 10Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen, and a common cause of healthcare-associated infections such as pneumonia, septicemia, and urinary tract infection. The purpose of this study was to survey the occurrence of and characterize K. pneumoniae in different environmental sources in a rural area of Shandong province, China. Two hundred and thirty-one samples from different environmental sources in 12 villages were screened for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-(ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae, and 14 (6%) samples were positive. All isolates were multidrug-resistant and a few of them belonged to clinically relevant strains which are known to cause hospital outbreaks worldwide. Serotypes, virulence genes, serum survival, and phagocytosis survival were analyzed and the results showed the presence of virulence factors associated with highly virulent clones and a high degree of phagocytosis survivability, indicating the potential virulence of these isolates. These results emphasize the need for further studies designed to elucidate the role of the environment in transmission and dissemination of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and the potential risk posed to human and environmental health.

  • 44.
    Chupani, Latifeh
    et al.
    The Life Science Centre—Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic.
    Sjöberg, Viktor
    Örebro University, School of Science and Technology.
    Jass, Jana
    Örebro University, School of Science and Technology.
    Olsson, Per-Erik
    Örebro University, School of Science and Technology.
    Water Hardness Alters the Gene Expression Response and Copper Toxicity in Daphnia magna2022In: Fishes, E-ISSN 2410-3888, Vol. 7, no 5, article id 248Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The influence of water hardness on copper (Cu) toxicity in Daphnia magna was studied using gene expression analysis. Exposing D. magna to Cu in water with increasing levels of hardness decreased the acute toxicity. Hardness did not affect the predicted Cu complexation. After 24 h, D. magna showed an increased level of genes related to metal homeostasis (mt) following exposure to 25 mu g Cu/L in hard water. Daphnids in soft and medium water responded to 25 mu g Cu/L by upregulation of antioxidant defense and mt genes, revealing oxidative stress as a mechanism of Cu toxicity in D. magna. D. magna exposed to 25 mu g Cu/L in soft water did not survive for 96 h. In contrast, those exposed to 25 mu g Cu/L in medium and hard water survived for 96 h with significantly higher levels of mt genes. The genes related to oxidative damage (heat shock protein and glutathione S-transferase) in these groups did not deviate from control levels, indicating the protective effect of hardness. Metallothionein genes were upregulated at 17 mu g Cu/L at both 24 h and 96 h. The expression of catalase and ferritin increased in this group in soft and hard water at 96 h. The protective effect of hardness (in the tested range) on survival was also observed at a concentration of 25 mu g/L. The results suggest metallothionein (A and B), catalase, and ferritin genes, as potential biomarkers for copper exposure in D. magna regardless of hardness.

  • 45.
    Cordenunsi-Lysenko, Beatriz R.
    et al.
    Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC), São Paulo Research Foundation (CEPID-FAPESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    Nascimento, Joao R. O.
    Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC), São Paulo Research Foundation (CEPID-FAPESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    Castro-Alves, Victor
    Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC), São Paulo Research Foundation (CEPID-FAPESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
    Purgatto, Eduardo
    Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC), São Paulo Research Foundation (CEPID-FAPESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    Fabi, Joao P.
    Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC), São Paulo Research Foundation (CEPID-FAPESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    Peroni-Okyta, Fernanda H. G.
    Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC), São Paulo Research Foundation (CEPID-FAPESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
    The Starch Is (Not) Just Another Brick in the Wall: The Primary Metabolism of Sugars During Banana Ripening2019In: Frontiers in Plant Science, E-ISSN 1664-462X, Vol. 10, article id 391Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The monocot banana fruit is one of the most important crops worldwide. As a typical climacteric fruit, the harvest of commercial bananas usually occurs when the fruit is physiologically mature but unripe. The universal treatment of green bananas with ethylene or ethylene-releasing compounds in order to accelerate and standardize the ripening of a bunch of bananas mimics natural maturation after increasing the exogenous production of ethylene. The trigger of autocatalytic ethylene production regulated by a dual positive feedback loop circuit derived from a NAC gene and three MADS genes results in metabolic processes that induce changes in the primary metabolism of bananas. These changes include pulp softening and sweetening which are sensorial attributes that determine banana postharvest quality. During fruit development, bananas accumulate large amounts of starch (between 15 and 35% w/w of their fresh weight, depending on the cultivar). Pulp softening and sweetening during banana ripening are attributed not only to changes in the activities of cell wall hydrolases but also to starch-to-sugar metabolism. Therefore, starch granule erosion and disassembling are key events that lead bananas to reach their optimal postharvest quality. The knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate sugar primary metabolism during banana ripening is fundamental to reduce postharvest losses and improve final product quality, though. Recent studies have shown that ethylene-mediated regulation of starch-degrading enzymes at transcriptional and translational levels is crucial for sugar metabolism in banana ripening. Furthermore, the crosstalk between ethylene and other hormones including indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid also influences primary sugar metabolism. In this review, we will describe the state-of-the-art sugar primary metabolism in bananas and discuss the recent findings that shed light on the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of this metabolism during fruit ripening.

  • 46.
    Corrò, Michela
    et al.
    Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
    Skarin, Joakim
    Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Rota, Ada
    Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10090, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
    Occurrence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in successive parturitions of bitches and their puppies in two kennels in Italy2018In: BMC Veterinary Research, E-ISSN 1746-6148, Vol. 14, article id 308Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Multi-drug methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) detection is rapidly increasing in microbial specimens from pets across Europe. MRSP has also been isolated from bitches and newborns in dog breeding kennels. This study assessed whether MRSP lineage differs between breeding kennels and is maintained over time. Post-partum bitches (at day 3 vaginal and day 3, 9 and 35 milk samples) and their litters (at day 3, 9 and 35 oral and abdominal skin samples) from two Italian breeding kennels (A and B) were sampled and MRSP was subsequently characterized via whole-genome sequencing and antibiotic susceptibility testing. The study was carried out from October 2014 to March 2016 and included successive parturitions from the same animals.

    RESULTS: The analysis revealed different situations in both investigated kennels. In kennel A, circulating strains were from 7-locus sequence types ST688, ST258 and closely related isolates of ST71, which included most isolates. In kennel B, only a new isolate, ST772, was detected. In addition, most isolates from both kennels had multi-resistant antibiotic profiles. MRSP was only isolated from litters of MRSP-positive bitches, thus suggesting that bitch-litter transmission is likely.

    CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that MRSP circulation can differ in different settings, that several clonal lineages can circulate together, and that vertical transmission appears common. MRSP colonization did not affect the health conditions of the bitches or of their litters.

  • 47.
    Dal Bello, F.
    et al.
    Department of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
    Clarke, C. I.
    Department of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
    Ryan, L. A. M.
    Department of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
    Ulmer, H.
    Department of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland; National Food Biotechnology Centre, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
    Schober, T. J.
    Department of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland; National Food Biotechnology Centre, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
    Ström, K.
    Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Sjögren, J.
    Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    van Sinderen, D.
    National Food Biotechnology Centre, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
    Schnürer, Johan
    Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Arendt, E. K.
    Department of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
    Improvement of the quality and shelf life of wheat bread by fermentation with the antifungal strain Lactobacillus plantarum FST 1.72007In: Journal of Cereal Science, ISSN 0733-5210, E-ISSN 1095-9963, Vol. 45, no 3, p. 309-318Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Lactobacillus plantarum FST 1.7 was screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity and was shown to be active against spoilage moulds and bacteria. Isolation of antimicrobial compounds from cell-free supernatant identified lactic acid, phenyllactic acid and the two cyclic dipeptides cyclo ((L)-Leu-(L)-Pro) and cyclo ((L)-Phe-(L)-Pro) as the major components responsible for this activity. L. plantarum FST 1.7 was tested for the ability to produce the antifungal compounds during sourdough fermentation and to produce bread of good quality and increased shelf-life. A rheofermentometer was used to examine the gaseous release and development characteristics of the dough. A range of parameters was determined including pH, TTA and specific loaf volume. The results were compared with those obtained using Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, a chemically acidified and a non-acidified dough. The quality of sourdough and bread produced using L. plantarum FST 1.7 was comparable to that obtained using common sourdough starters, e.g. L. sanfranciscensis. Sourdoughs and breads were evaluated for the ability to retard growth of Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum two fungi found on breads. Sourdough and bread produced with strain FST 1.7 showed consistent ability to retard the growth of both Fusarium species, thus indicating that L. plantarum FST 1.7 has also the potential to improve the shelf-life of wheat bread.

  • 48.
    Danielsson Tham, Marie-Louise
    Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Matförgiftningar orsakat av enterohemorrhagiska E. coli1996In: Svensk veterinärtidning, ISSN 0346-2250, Vol. 48, no 5, p. 223-225Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 49.
    Demczuk, Walter
    et al.
    Bacteriology and Enteric Diseases Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada.
    Martin, Irene
    Bacteriology and Enteric Diseases Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada.
    Peterson, Shelley
    Bacteriology and Enteric Diseases Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada.
    Bharat, Amrita
    Bacteriology and Enteric Diseases Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada.
    Van Domselaar, Gary
    Science Technology Cores and Services Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
    Graham, Morag
    Science Technology Cores and Services Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
    Lefebvre, Brigitte
    Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue QC, Canada.
    Allen, Vanessa
    Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Toronto ON, Canada.
    Hoang, Linda
    British Columbia Centres for Disease Control Public Health Microbiology & Reference Laboratory, Vancouver BC, Canada.
    Tyrrell, Greg
    Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, Canada.
    Horsman, Greg
    Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, Regina, Canada.
    Wylie, John
    Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Winnipeg, Canada.
    Haldane, David
    Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Canada.
    Archibald, Chris
    Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
    Wong, Tom
    First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
    Unemo, Magnus
    Örebro University, School of Health Sciences. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Mulvey, Michael R
    Bacteriology and Enteric Diseases Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada.
    Genomic epidemiology and molecular resistance mechanisms of azithromycin resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Canada from 1997 to 20142016In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, ISSN 0095-1137, E-ISSN 1098-660X, Vol. 54, no 5, p. 1304-1313Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The emergence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins and azithromycin resistance (AZM-R) represent a public health threat of untreatable gonorrhoea infections. Genomic epidemiology through whole genome sequencing was used to describe the emergence, dissemination, and spread of AZM-R strains. The genomes of 213 AZM-R and 23 AZM-susceptible N. gonorrhoeae isolates collected in Canada from 1989 to 2014 were sequenced. Core single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) phylogenomic analysis resolved 246 isolates into 13 lineages. High-level AZM-R (minimum inhibitory concentration ≥256 μg/ml) was found in 5 phylogenetically diverse isolates, all of which possessed the A2059G mutation (Escherichia coli numbering) in all four 23S rRNA alleles. One high-level AZM-R isolate collected in 2009 concurrently had decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone (MIC=0.125 μg/ml). An increase in the number of 23S rRNA alleles with the C2611T mutations (E. coli numbering) conferred low to moderate AZM-R (2 to 4 and 8 to 32 μg/mL, respectively). Low level AZM-R was also associated with mtrR promoter mutations including -35A deletion and the presence of N. meningitidis-like sequences. Geographic and temporal phylogenetic clustering indicate emergent AZM-R strains arise independently and can then rapidly expand clonally in a region through local sexual networks.

  • 50.
    Demirel, Isak
    et al.
    Örebro University, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden.
    Kinnunen, Annica
    Örebro University, School of Science and Technology.
    Önnberg, Anna
    Örebro University, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Söderquist, Bo
    Örebro University, School of Medicine, Örebro University, Sweden. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Persson, Katarina
    Örebro University, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden.
    Comparison of host response mechanisms evoked by extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)- and non-ESBL-producing uropathogenic E. coli2013In: BMC Microbiology, E-ISSN 1471-2180, Vol. 13, article id 181Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Infections caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing bacteria have been emerging worldwide and the majority of ESBL-producing E. coli strains are isolated from patients with urinary tracts infections. The purpose of this study was to compare the host-response mechanisms in human polymorphonucleated leukocytes (PMN) and renal epithelial cells when stimulated by ESBL-or non-ESBL-producing uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolates. The host-pathogen interaction of these ESBL-producing strains in the urinary tract is not well studied.

    Results: The ability of ESBL strains to evoke ROS-production from PMN cells was significantly higher than that of the non-ESBL strains. The growth of ESBL strains was slightly suppressed in the presence of PMN compared to non-ESBL strains after 30 min and 2 h, but the opposite was observed after 5 and 6 h. The number of migrating PMN was significantly higher in response to ESBL strains compared to non-ESBL strains. Stimulation of A498 cells with ESBL strains elicited lower production of IL-6 and IL-8 compared to non-ESBL strains.

    Conclusion: Significant differences in host-response mechanisms were identified when host cells were stimulated by ESBL-or non-ESBL producing strains. The obtained results on the early interactions of ESBL-producing strains with the host immune system may provide valuable information for management of these infections.

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