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  • 1.
    Arenhall, Eva
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper. Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Eriksson, Mats
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper.
    Nilsson, Ulrica
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper.
    Steinke, Elaine
    School of Nursing, Wichita State University, Wichita, USA.
    Fridlund, Bengt
    School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Decreased sexual function in partners after patients’ first-time myocardial infarction2018Inngår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, ISSN 1474-5151, E-ISSN 1873-1953, Vol. 17, nr 6, s. 521-526Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: A myocardial infarction event affects not only patients but also partners, although how it affects the partners’ sexual function is not studied.

    Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe and compare how partners experienced their sexual function one year before with one year after first-time myocardial infarction of their partner.

    Methods: A longitudinal and comparative design was used. Self-reported data on Watts Sexual Function Questionnaire was collected retrospectively at two occasions from 123 partners (87 women and 36 men), measuring the year prior to the first-time myocardial infarction and the year after. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

    Results: The total score for Watts Sexual Function Questionnaire showed a significant decrease over time. In all four subscales a decrease was found, which were statistically significant in three out of the four subscales (sexual desire, 19.39 vs 18.61; p<0.001, orgasm, 14.11 vs 13.64; p=0.027 and satisfaction, 12.61 vs 12.31; p=0.042). Twenty-six partners reported that their intercourse frequencies decreased over time, while six partners reported an increased intercourse frequency.

    Conclusions: Partners’ sexual function decreased after patients’ first-time myocardial infarction. It is important for health personnel to offer information and discussion about sexual function and concerns with both patients and partners after a first-time myocardial infarction.

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  • 2.
    Arenhall, Eva
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Hälsoakademin. Department of Cardiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden; Centre for Health Care Sciences, Örebro County Council, Örebro, Sweden.
    Kristofferzon, Marja-Leena
    Department of Health and Caring Sciences, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Section of Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Fridlund, Bengt
    School of Health and Caring Sciences, Linnéaus University, Växjö, Sweden; School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Malm, Dan
    School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, County Hospital Ryhov, Jönkoping, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Ulrica
    Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    The male partners' experiences of the intimate relationships after a first myocardial infarction2011Inngår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, ISSN 1474-5151, E-ISSN 1873-1953, Vol. 10, nr 2, s. 108-114Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Stress in the intimate relationship is found to worsen the prognosis in women suffering from myocardial infarction (MI). Little is known about how male spouses experience the intimate relationship.

    Aim: This study aimed to explore and describe the experience of men's intimate relationships in connection to and after their female partner's first MI.

    Methods: An explorative and qualitative design was used. Interviews were conducted with 16 men having a partner who the year before had suffered a first MI. The data were analysed with qualitative content analysis.

    Results: Three themes emerged: masculine image challenged; life takes another direction; and life remains unchanged. The men were forced to deal with an altered image of themselves as men, and as sexual beings. They were hesitant to approach their spouse in the same way as before the MI because they viewed her to be more fragile. The event also caused them to consider their own lifestyle, changing towards healthier dietary and exercise habits.

    Conclusions: After their spouse's MI, men experienced a challenge to their masculine image. They viewed their spouse as being more fragile, which led the men to be gentler in sexual intimacy and more hesitant to invite sexual activity. This knowledge about how male spouses experience the intimate relationship could be helpful for health personnel in hospitals and primary care when they interact with couples where the woman suffers from cardiac disease or other chronic disorders. (C) 2010 European Society of Cardiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  • 3.
    Eldh, Ann Catrine
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Hälsovetenskapliga institutionen.
    Ehnfors, Margareta
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för vårdvetenskap och omsorg.
    Ekman, Inger
    The meaning of patient participation for patients and nurses at a nurse-led clinic for chronic heart failure2006Inngår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, ISSN 1474-5151, E-ISSN 1873-1953, Vol. 5, nr 1, s. 45-53Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    BackgroundThe legislation of many Western countries emphasizes active patient participation. Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), however, have experienced participation differently from the general interpretation of legal definitions. Education improves uptake of self-management strategies yet knowledge is lacking about support of patients' own resources in CHF.

    AimTo explore the phenomena of patient participation and non-participation as shown in patient visits to a nurse-led clinic for CHF and as experienced by the patients and nurses.

    MethodsData triangulation of field notes from participatory observations and texts from narrative interviews with the patients and assigned nurse specialists. Data were analyzed according to the phenomenological hermeneutic tradition.

    FindingsPatients' experience of participation and non-participation was interpreted as “Being responsible and accepting responsibility” and “Lacking an equal relationship while being controlled”, respectively. Nurses experienced patient participation as “Getting information and security to act” and patient non-participation as “Not accepting”.

    ConclusionConflicting values of patients and nurses, which were interpreted with respect to participation and non-participation, presumably might influence patient information and education negatively. The issue of participation should be raised as a means of attaining concordance and to facilitate patient participation with education specifically tailored to the individual patient's needs.

  • 4.
    Eldh, Ann Catrine
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Hälsovetenskapliga institutionen.
    Ehnfors, Margareta
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för vårdvetenskap och omsorg.
    Ekman, Inger
    The phenomena of participation and non-participation in health care: experiences of patients attending a nurse-led clinic for chronic heart failure2004Inngår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, ISSN 1474-5151, E-ISSN 1873-1953, Vol. 3, nr 3, s. 239-246Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Patient participation is stressed in the health care acts of many western countries yet a common definition of the concept is lacking. The understanding of experiences of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) who attend nurse-led specialist clinics, a form of care suggested as beneficiary to this group, may promote a better understanding of participation. Aim: To investigate the meanings of participation and non-participation as experienced by patients living with CHF. Methods: Narrative interviews analysed in the phenomenological hermeneutic tradition inspired by Ricoeur where the interpretation is made in the hermeneutic circle, explaining and understanding the experienced phenomena. Findings: Participation was experienced as to “be confident”, “comprehend” and “seek and maintain a sense of control”. Non-participation was experienced as to “not understand”, “not be in control”, “lack a relationship” and “not be accountable”. The findings indicate that the experiences of participation and non-participation can change over time and phases of the disease and treatment. Conclusion: The study suggests an extended view on the concept of participation. Patients' experiences of participation in health care can vary and should therefore be an issue for dialogue between nurses and patients with CHF in nurse-led specialist clinics.

  • 5.
    Falk-Brynhildsen, Karin
    et al.
    Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Örebro University Hospital, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Ulrica
    Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Centre for Health Care Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, Sweden.
    Cardiac surgery patients' evaluation of the quality of theatre nurse postoperative follow-up visit2009Inngår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, ISSN 1474-5151, E-ISSN 1873-1953, Vol. 8, nr 2, s. 105-111Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Theatre nurses at the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery in Orebro, Sweden, have since 2001 routinely conducted a follow-up visit to postoperative cardiac patients. A model with a standardized information part and an individual-caring conversation including both a retrospective and a prospective part designed the visit. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of the postoperative follow-up visit conducted by the theatre nurses and find out if the quality was related to gender or type of admission. The method was prospective and explorative, including 74 cardiac surgery patients who had had a postoperative follow-up visit by a theatre nurse in Sweden. The instrument measuring quality, from the patient's perspective, measured the quality of the visit, and consisted of 16 items modified to suit the study. The results showed an overall high quality rating, with statistically significant higher scores for six items between patients who had undergone emergency surgery, in comparison with elective patients. When comparing gender, women had statistically significant higher scores in two items. In conclusion, this postoperative follow-up visit by the theatre nurse was a valuable and useful tool especially for the patients who had undergone emergency surgery. In the follow-up visit the theatre nurse creates a caring relationship by meeting the patient as an individual with his/her own experience and needs for information about the surgery, intra and postoperative care, and recovery.

  • 6.
    Kristofferzon, Marja-Leena
    et al.
    Department of Caring Science and Sociology, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Section of Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Johansson, Ingela
    Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Nursing Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Linköping Heart Centre, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden; Faculty of Health Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway; Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    Brännström, Margareta
    Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden; School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Arenhall, Eva
    Örebro universitet, Hälsoakademin. Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Baigi, Amir
    General Practice and Public Health, Halland County Council, Falkenberg, Sweden.
    Brunt, David
    School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Växjö University, Växjö, Sweden.
    Fridlund, Bengt
    School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Växjö University, Växjö, Sweden; School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Ulrica
    Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Örebro, Sweden; Centre for Health Care Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Persson, Sylvi
    School of Social and Health Sciences, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden.
    Rask, Mikael
    School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Växjö University, Växjö, Sweden.
    Wieslander, Inger
    School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden; School of Social and Health Sciences, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden.
    Ivarsson, Bodil
    Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lund University Hospital and Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Evaluation of a Swedish version of the Watts Sexual Function Questionnaire (WSFQ) in persons with heart disease: a pilot study2010Inngår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, ISSN 1474-5151, E-ISSN 1873-1953, Vol. 9, nr 3, s. 168-174Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Background As part of preparation for a Swedish multicentre study, exploring sexual and married life in patients with myocardial infarction and their partners, a Swedish validated instrument was required Aims The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of a Swedish version of the Watts Sexual Function Questionnaire (WSFQ) among persons with a heart disease Methods A convenience sample of 79 persons (47 men and 32 women) living with a heart disease was recruited from the members of the National Association of Heart and Lung Patients They completed a Swedish version of the WSFQ on two occasions Results Two separate factor analyses each revealed a two-factor structure on both occasions "Sexual appetite" and "Sexual expectations" with gender-neutral questions and "Sexual sensitiveness" and "Sexual ability" with gender-specific questions Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from 0 48 to 0 86 and test-retest values for all but one question exceeded 0.70 Conclusions The Swedish version of the WSFQ showed good validity and stability and acceptable internal homogeneity Extended evaluations of the questionnaire are recommended.

  • 7.
    Luhr, Kristina
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper. University Health Care Research Centre.
    Eldh, Ann C.
    Division of Nursing, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Theander, Kersti
    Centre for Clinical Research, County Council of Värmland, Karlstad, Sweden.
    Holmefur, Marie
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper.
    Effects of a self-management programme on patient participation in patients with chronic heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial2019Inngår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, ISSN 1474-5151, E-ISSN 1873-1953, Vol. 18, nr 3, s. 185-193Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Self-management strategies are crucial to patients with long-term conditions and can presumably promote patient participation, given that to patients, patient participation connotes opportunities for self-care (along with being engaged in an exchange of knowledge, a phrasing of joint goals and planning of care). So far, limited attention has been given to what components support self-management and what outcomes can be achieved. An exclusive self-management programme in primary healthcare entailed assessing its influence on patient participation.

    AIM: To describe the effects of a self-management programme on preferences for, and experiences of, patient participation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or chronic heart failure.

    METHODS: A randomized controlled trial with a six session intervention programme, including phrasing of individual action plans and group discussions on the patients' issues. The intervention group ( n=59) received standard care and the self-management programme, and the control group ( n=59) received standard care only. Data was collected at baseline and at three months and 12 months after the intervention started, using the Patient Preferences for Patient Participation (the 4Ps) measure.

    RESULTS: No significant differences were found within the groups, or between the groups, in preferences and experiences of patient participation, either in summary score or at an item level.

    CONCLUSION: A self-management group programme led by trained primary healthcare staff in primary care did not serve as means to influence patients' experience of patient participation in the care of their long-term condition. Further studies are needed in regard to what facilitates patient participation in this setting and beyond.

  • 8.
    Nilsson, Ulrica
    Centre for Health Care Sciences, Örebro County Council, Sweden Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    Effectiveness of music interventions for women with high anxiety during coronary angiographic procedures: a randomized controlled2012Inngår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, ISSN 1474-5151, E-ISSN 1873-1953, Vol. 11, nr 2, s. 150-153Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose was to investigate if women with high pre-procedural anxiety reported higher degree of relaxation and comfort if listening to music during coronary angiographic procedures. A prospective randomized controlled trial was used included 68 patients undergoing coronary angiography and/or PCI. The women were allocated to receive calming music and standard care or standard care only. Relaxation, environmental sound and discomfort associated with lying still were assessed. There was significantly more positive impression of the sound environment and less discomfort associated with lying still in women listening to music in comparison to women who received only standard care. No effect in relaxation was found.

  • 9.
    Nilsson, Ulrica
    Centre for Health Care Sciences, Örebro university Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Music: a nursing intervention2011Inngår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, ISSN 1474-5151, E-ISSN 1873-1953, Vol. 10, nr 2, s. 73-74Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 10.
    Nilsson, Ulrica G.
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin.
    Ivarsson, Bodil
    Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Skåne University Hospital and Lund University,Lund, Sweden.
    Alm-Roijer, Carin
    The Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
    Svedberg, Petra
    School of Social and Health Sciences, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden.
    The desire for involvement in healthcare, anxiety and coping in patients and their partners after a myocardial infarction2013Inngår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, ISSN 1474-5151, E-ISSN 1873-1953, Vol. 12, nr 5, s. 461-467Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: There is a lack of data about the information preferences of patients and their partners after a myocardial infarction.

    Aim: This paper explores anxiety, depression, coping and the desire to be actively involved in care in relation to age, gender and education level in myocardial infarction patients and partners.

    Methods: One hundred and twenty-eight patients and their partners answered the Swedish version of the Krantz Health Opinion Survey, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Mastery Scale one year after the patient's myocardial infarction.

    Results: More active roles in decision-making during care were desired by females, younger patients and partners, and patients and partners with higher education levels. Female partners reported more anxiety than male partners, and female patients reported more depression than male patients. No differences between groups were detected in coping; overall coping was rated high.  

    Conclusions: Secondary prevention should consist of person-centred support to both the patients and their partners, since factors such as age, gender and education level can influence information preferences during patient care.

  • 11.
    Nilsson, Ulrica
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Hälsoakademin. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Örebro University Hospital,Örebro, Sweden; Centre for Health Care Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro,Sweden.
    Lindell, Lena
    Department of Cardiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Eriksson, Annika
    Department of Cardiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Kellerth, Thomas
    Department of Cardiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    The effect of music intervention in relation to gender during coronary angiographic procedures: a randomized clinical trial2009Inngår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, ISSN 1474-5151, E-ISSN 1873-1953, Vol. 8, nr 3, s. 200-206Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Several studies have evaluated music interventions prior and after coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but there is no clear evidence showing that music has an effect on patients during these procedures. The purpose was to investigate the effects of music on anxiety, angina, pain, relaxation, and comfort in patients during angiographic procedures and to evaluate gender differences. The study was a four-armed, prospective randomized controlled trial included 240 patients undergoing coronary angiography and/or PCI. Patients were allocated to receive relaxing music, MusiCure or standard care during the procedure. Outcome measures were; puncture pain and the discomfort related to it, angina and the discomfort related to it, anxiety, experience of the sound environment, discomfort of lying still, and the doses of anxiolytics and analgesics during the procedure. No differences were found between the music and control groups regarding any of the trial endpoints or gender-related differences. The overall rating of the sound environment and feeling of relaxation was high. In conclusion, music intervention in patients undergoing angiographic procedures was highly feasible, but not effective in this study though the delivery of music went smoothly and did not disturb the examination and patients and staff alike looked favorably on it.

  • 12.
    Thuresson, Marie
    et al.
    Dept Cardiol, Örebro Univ Hosp, Örebro, Sweden.
    Haglund, Pernilla
    Dept Cardiol, Örebro Univ Hosp, Örebro, Sweden.
    Ryttberg, Britta
    Dept Cardiol, Örebro Univ Hosp, Örebro, Sweden.
    Herlitz, Johan
    Ctr Prehosp Res Western Sweden, Univ Borås, Borås, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Univ Hosp, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Ulrica
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin.
    Impact of an information campaign on delays and ambulance use in acute coronary syndrome2014Inngår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, ISSN 1474-5151, E-ISSN 1873-1953, Vol. 13, s. S51-S52Artikkel i tidsskrift (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 13.
    Weeks, Birgit P.
    et al.
    Northwest Hospital & Medical Center, Seattle WA, USA.
    Nilsson, Ulrica
    Örebro universitet, Hälsoakademin. Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Centre for Health Care Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Music interventions in patients during coronary angiographic procedures: a randomized controlled study of the effect on patients' anxiety and well-being2011Inngår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, ISSN 1474-5151, E-ISSN 1873-1953, Vol. 10, nr 2, s. 88-93Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: A cardiac catheterization laboratory can be a frightening environment and music can be a supportive source of environmental sound that stimulates and maintains relaxation. Aim: To test the effects of patient focused music versus loudspeaker music versus standard sound on patient's experiences of anxiety and well-being during coronary angiographic procedures.

    Methods: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of 98 subjects undergoing elective coronary angiogram and/or percutaneous coronary intervention. The subjects were randomly allocated to three different groups of sound environments: a control group (the usual sound environment), a patient focused music group (audio pillow) or to a loudspeaker music group.

    Results: Anxiety decreased significantly and well-being increased significantly in the two music groups compared to the control group. There was a significantly more positive impression of the sound environment in the patient focused music group compared to the two other groups.

    Conclusion: This study showed that the use of a specially designed music reduced anxiety and increased well-being in patients during coronary angiographic procedures. However, patient focused music seemed to be more preferable. The sound environment was rated more positively by the subjects listening to music via audio pillow. The music delivered via loudspeakers seemed to distract the staff during the examination at the cardiac catheterization laboratory. (C) 2010 European Society of Cardiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  • 14.
    Wistrand, Camilla
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper. Region Örebro län. University Health Care Research Center.
    Nilsson, Ulrica
    Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Sundqvist, Ann-Sofie
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper. Region Örebro län.
    Patient experience of preheated and room temperature skin disinfection prior to cardiac device implantation: A randomised controlled trial2020Inngår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, ISSN 1474-5151, E-ISSN 1873-1953, Vol. 19, nr 6, s. 529-536, artikkel-id 1474515119900062Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Clinically, patients often comment on the coolness of the skin disinfectant. However, scarce evidence is available regarding patients' experience during intraoperative skin disinfection.

    AIMS: The aim of this study was to describe and compare intraoperative patient experiences with preheated and room temperature skin disinfectant.

    METHOD: This randomised controlled trial included 220 patients undergoing cardiac device implantation. Patients allocated to preheated (36°C) or room temperature (20°C) chlorhexidine in 70% ethanol verbally answered an open-ended question regarding their experience with the skin disinfection. Results were assessed using a qualitative approach with comparative quantification.

    RESULTS: The analysis resulted in nine categories describing the patients' experiences with preheated and room temperature skin disinfection. Most of the patients described the skin disinfection process as a negative experience, which consisted of six categories: cold, smell, change in temperature, unpleasant, wet and painful. In addition, two neutral categories of response (nothing in particular and neither pleasant nor unpleasant) and one positive response (pleasant) emerged through the analysis. Preheated skin disinfection yielded significantly fewer negative experiences in the category cold (85% vs. 15%, P<0.0001) and significantly more positive experiences (66% vs. 34%, P<0.002). Neutral categories (neither pleasant nor unpleasant 65% vs. 35%, P=0.01, nothing in particular 74% vs. 26%, P<0.001) dominated after preheated skin disinfection.

    CONCLUSION: The use of preheated skin disinfection promotes a positive patient experience with skin disinfection.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov registration number NCT02260479 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=preheated+skin+disinfection ).

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