To Örebro University

Background: Student participation in curriculum negotiation has been widely regarded as beneficial for student engagement, motivation, and learning. Within the physical education (PE) context however, several scholars claim that these benefits are seldom realized. Interestingly, most investigations into curriculum negotiation in PE focus on teacher actions and behavior. Investigations of students' actions in curriculum negotiation are rare. Further, while much of the literature claims curriculum negotiation is potentially beneficial for student learning, few of the conceptual and analytical frameworks utilized within previous PE literature are based on explicit learning theories.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore student participation in curriculum negotiation in Norwegian PE through the lens of an explicit learning theoretical perspective.

Method: A 10th grade class with 23 students (age 15-16) and an 8th grade class with 30 students (age 13-14) from 2 different schools, and their respective teachers were recruited for the project. Within these classes, participatory observation, video observations, and stimulated recall interviews were conducted to produce empirical material related to curriculum negotiation. The material then underwent qualitative thematic analysis where select parts of John Dewey's educational philosophy were used as the analytical framework.

Results and discussion: With a basis in the analytical framework developed from Deweyan educational philosophy, the results show that students within the two contexts participate in both explicit and implicit forms of curriculum negotiation. Explicit curriculum negotiations to a large degree appear to be governed by the teachers and are deemed by teachers to be part of strategies for upholding Norwegian legislations and recommendations for including students in curricular decision-making. While not as easily noticeable, implicit forms of negotiations were more prominent within the explored contexts. The analysis also suggests that from a Deweyan perspective, possibilities to increase learning through curriculum negotiations occur when teachers notice, help, and guide students in their own reflective processes surrounding how to act in PE. Such pedagogical action makes implicit negotiations occurring more explicit, and explicit negotiations more intelligent.

Previous research shows that enacting a new curriculum is a complex process. Teachers can be enthusiastic and committed to new curricular objectives, but they can also experience frustration and disappointment. Scholars have suggested that teachers who perceive lack of support, or tensions between their personal philosophies and the educational principles underpinning a new curriculum, struggle to enact new curricula in line with their intent. Our purpose in this article is to illustrate how two Physical Education (PE) teachers experienced the enactment of a new official curriculum. An action research approach was used as design of the study. Researchers cooperated with two PE teachers for 18 months. The empirical material consisted of 50 sets of field notes from the two teachers' teaching lessons, transcripts from one semi-structured qualitative interview with both teachers following the completion of the school year. The material also consisted of reflection logs produced by the teachers containing written notes about their experiences of the curriculum enactment. We used literature on educational change (Fullan, M., & Hargreaves, A. (1991). What's worth fighting fore? Working together for your school. Ontario Public School Teachers' Federation) as our theoretical framework. Our findings show that the teachers experienced the curriculum enactment in contradictory ways. Shifting from previous PE practices that focused on sports activities and emphasized teacher instruction, to pedagogical practices informed by the new PE curriculum (including sociocultural perspectives of learning and assessment), led to uncertainty, surprise, satisfaction, as well as distrust. Our findings also showed that the teachers' experiences of the enactment were influenced by perceived gender biases. We argue that teachers' beliefs and the teaching culture were particularly influential dimensions regarding the two PE teachers' experiences of the curriculum enactment. Practitioners and researchers attempting curriculum enactment in the future should pay careful attention to such dimensions, especially given that tensions and uncertainty often occur during any educational change.

Aim and objectives: Describe patients' and family members' perceptions of family support from nurses and other mental healthcare professionals, and quality of care in community mental healthcare service. Further, compare the perceptions of patients and family members.

Background: While patients value family involvement, family members feel unprepared and lack the necessary skills to be supportive. Since healthcare professionals predominantly focus on patients, they may fail to understand the complex needs of families. Family perceived support and quality of community mental health care may vary across patients and family members.

Design and methods: Cross-sectional study with patients suffering from mental illness and family members in community mental healthcare services in Norway. Altogether 86 participants, of whom 33 patients and 33 family members had a family relationship-paired samples. Participants filled in the translated version of the Iceland Family Perceived Support Questionnaire (FPSQ-N) and Quality in Psychiatric Care-Community Out-Patient (QPC-COP) and Community Out-Patient Next of Kin (QPC-COPNK). STROBE checklist was used.

Results: Family members scored family perceived support and quality of community mental health care lower than patients. Family members feel the loss of support. Patient and family members found the Patient-healthcare professionals' relationship to be of high quality, while family members gave low score to being respected and invited to take part in care by nurses and other mental healthcare professionals.

Conclusion: Family members' unmet need of support highlights the need for nurses and other community mental healthcare professionals to assess complex family needs and to intervene. Barriers to collaboration exist, and family members need to be respected and invited into community mental health care. Relevance to clinical practice Contributes knowledge of how to meet the family's needs and provides a basis for further care and treatment development in similar contexts nationally and internationally.

The aim of this study is to explore families' perceptions of everyday life when living with a young adult suffering from mental illness. Findings include: 1) Families balance between letting go and enabling the young adult to become independent while remaining close to help him/her complete education, work and have a social life. 2) Young adults try to deal with symptoms of mental illness by themselves and not be a burden, although longing for family members to understand them and the situation. 3) Healthcare professionals still hold back information although young adults have consented to giving family members insight.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of Family-Centered Support Conversations (FCSC) offered in community mental health care in Norway to young adults and their families experiencing mental illness. The FCSC is a family nursing intervention based on the Calgary Family Assessment and Intervention Models and the Illness Beliefs Model and is focused on how family members can be supportive to each other, how to identify strengths and resources of the family, and how to share and reflect on the experiences of everyday life together while living with mental illness. Interviews were conducted with young adults and their family members in Norway who had received the FCSC intervention and were analyzed using phenomenography. Two descriptive categories were identified: "Facilitating the sharing of reflections about everyday life" and "Possibility of change in everyday life." The family nursing conversations about family structure and function in the context of mental illness allowed families to find new meanings and possibilities in everyday life. Health care professionals can play an important role in facilitating a safe environment for young adults and their families to talk openly about the experience of living with and managing mental illness.

Electrocardiography (ECG) is a method of recording the heart's electrical activity, used to investigate possible pathologies in the heart's conduction system. Study concentrates on parameters related to atrial depolarization as reflected P-wave on an ECG. The aim is to evaluate and analyze the reliability of repeated measurements of these ECG parameters and to explore potential gender differences in a heart-healthy population. The study involved 45 participants. ECG was performed on one occasion. ECG parameters were measured manually on an ECG printout. To assess the reliability of the measurements within and between observers and analysis of gender differences, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and unpaired t-test were used. ICC value was ≥ 0.9 for P-wave area and PWAII. For PDV1 and II as well as PTFV1, the ICC was between 0,75–0,9. For PWPTII was ICC between 0,5–0,75, while it was ≤ 0.5 for PWAV1. ICC varied between 0.5–0.75 for PWPTV1. Good agreement showed between manual and automatic interpretation. There were no significant gender differences in any of the ECG parameters (p-value > 0,05). The majority of ECG parameters showed good to excellent reliability in repeated measurements both within and between observers. A good agreement showed between the manual and automatic algorithm interpretation. There were no significant gender differences in ECG parameters.

Bakgrund: Alzheimers sjukdom är den vanligaste demenssjukdomen och är en av våra största folksjukdomar. Det är en degenerativ sjukdom som är svårbehandlad. Alzheimers sjuka är i behov av vård och assistans. Anhöriga försöker anpassa sig efter de nya omständigheterna och utmaningar som Alzheimers sjukdom medför.Syftet: Syftet var att beskriva anhörigas erfarenheter av att vårda närstående med Alzheimers sjukdom.Metod: En litteraturstudie med systematisk sökning och deskriptiv design utfördes. Artiklarna söktes fram i databaserna Cinahl, Medline och PsycInfo.Resultat: Anhöriga som var vårdgivare till en anhörig med Alzheimers sjukdom upplevde många påfrestningar. Det är ett stressigt arbete och att bli vårdgivare har förändrat deras liv. Diagnosen skapade även konflikter i relationer eftersom de behövde samarbeta. Vilket kön vårdgivaren har och vilken relation som personer har till vårdtagaren spelar roll i vårdprocessen.Slutsats: Anhöriga erfarenhet att vårda närstående med Alzheimers sjukdom påverkar deras liv mestadels negativt. Det är en svår utmaning för de anhöriga att ta på sig rollen som vårdgivare. Alzheimers sjukdom ökar i världen och det är viktigt att sjuksköterskor och andra professioner inom hälso-och sjukvård kan stödja de anhöriga som är vårdgivare och få en inblick i vad de går igenom.

Introduction: Removable partial dentures (PRD) are among the treatment options available for partially edentulous patients. The usage of RPD and patient satisfaction with the prosthesis relates to Oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL).

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of RPDs, satisfaction with the prostheses as well as OHRQoL in patients provided with a RPD in general practice. A further aim was to identify possible factors related to RPD usage, patient satisfaction and OHRQoL.

Material and method: A cross-sectional survey study, utilizing a questionnaire regarding patient satisfaction with different aspects of the participants RPD, the Swedish version of OHIP-14 questionnaire and the usage of the prosthesis.

Results: A majority of respondents, (83.6%) reported that they used their prosthesis daily or often. The overall satisfaction rate among respondents was 83.0% with 39.3% stating that they were highly satisfied with the prosthesis and the mean OHIP- 14 score was 8.5, SD 10.2. The chewing ability was reported to be improved by 58.9% but impairment in chewing was reported by 26.8%. Pain from supporting teeth and soft tissue, sociodemographic factors and dissatisfaction with pre-treatment information and personal treatment were associated with not using the RPD.

Conclusions: In the present study, treatment with RPD was in most patients associated with improvement in chewing and appearance. Insufficient pretreatment information, perception of treatment and pain from supporting tissue was associated with reduced use of and satisfaction with the RPD.

Idrottslärarutbildningen har historiskt beskrivits som starkt traditionsbunden där praktiskafärdigheter har varit en del av det huvudsakliga målet med utbildningen. I takt med tiden harutbildningen genomgått en akademisering där teoretiska innehåll och forskningsfält har fåttallt större utrymme. På grund av utbildningens starka prägel av tradition lever uppfattningenom att praktisk kunskap är den mest värdefulla till viss del fortfarande kvar, trotsutbildningens numera teoretiska karaktär. Därav är syftet med denna studie att undersökavilka perspektiv som konkurrerar om att göra anspråk på undervisningstiden. Vidare ämnar viundersöka vilka didaktiska konsekvenser som riskerar inträffa till följd av den praktisk lagdaidrottslärarstudenten och en alltmer akademiserad utbildning. Som ett resultat avakademiseringen har flera kritiska perspektiv velat få mer utrymme på PETE. Dessaperspektiv ämnar vi undersöka och redogöra för i resultatdelen.

Som metod för arbetet genomfördes en systematisk litteraturstudie. En systematisklitteraturstudie karaktäriseras av att kritiskt granska, systematiskt söka och sammanställalitteratur inom ett avgränsat område för att skapa en ny syntes av tidigare studiers data.Resultatet av studien identifierade följande kritiska perspektiv: Social justice, Genderequality, Interkulturell kompetens och Models based practice. Dessa perspektiv beskrivs idagsläget inte få tillräckligt mycket utrymme på utbildningen. I diskussionen analyserar viresultatet utifrån en didaktisk triangel och identifierar vilka didaktiska konsekvenser somriskerar inträffa till följd av en praktisk lagd idrottslärare och en alltmer akademiseradutbildning. Efter studien kunde vi komma till slutsatsen att idrottslärare riskerar fleradidaktiska utmaningar i sitt kommande yrkesliv. Om studenten inte värderar de kritiskaperspektiven under utbildningens gång riskerar både eleven och innehållet att drabbas.

INTRODUCTION: Entry-level students' conceptualizations of clinical reasoning can provide a starting point for program planning related to clinical reasoning development with a focus on patient-centered care.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to explore how physiotherapy students understand clinical reasoning midway through their education. Nine physiotherapy students were interviewed at the end of their third semester.

METHODS: Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted, recorded and transcribed verbatim. A phenomenographic approach to qualitative data analysis, seeking to explore variations in students' conceptions was applied.

RESULTS: The students' ways of understanding clinical reasoning could be described as: 1) the cognitive process of the physiotherapist; and 2) the relational process of the collaborative partnership between the physiotherapist and the patient. A contrastive analysis shows how the cognitive and relational perspectives are developed through the relationships among three dimensions of clinical reasoning: 1) problem-solving; 2) context of working; and 3) own learning.

CONCLUSION: By identifying the critical variation in students' conceptions of clinical reasoning, focus can be placed on pedagogical arrangements to facilitate students' progression toward a person-centered approach.

Bakgrund: Patienters aggressivt beteende är ett exempel på kritiska situationer somsjuksköterskor möter i yrket. Orsaker till patienters aggressivt beteende kan vara till exempelbiologiska, psykologiska eller sociala. Aggressivt beteende hos patienter tenderar varanormaliserat, vilket kan leda till att sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av aggressivt beteende hospatienter inte rapporteras.Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av aggressivtbeteende hos patienter i arbetet inom psykiatrisk vård.Metod: Avgränsad litteraturöversikt med systematisk ansats och deskriptiv design.Resultat: Det identifierades olika bidragande faktorer till aggressivt beteende som tillexempel patienters psykiatriska diagnoser, osäkerhet hos sjuksköterskor och relationen mellansjuksköterskan och patienten. Patienters aggressivt beteende mot sjuksköterskor ledde tillfysiska och emotionella konsekvenser. Kvinnliga sjuksköterskor utsattes för patientersaggressivt beteende i större uträckning i jämförelse med manliga sjuksköterskor.Slutsats: Prevalensen för patienters aggressivt beteende mot sjuksköterskor var hög ochförekom i form av verbal och fysisk aggression. Sjuksköterskors exponering för patientersaggressivt beteende visade ökad risk för fysisk och psykisk ohälsa hos sjuksköterskan, somledde till bland annat emotionellt trauma och ineffektiva copingstrategier. Fortsatt forskningbehövs då allvarliga konsekvenser har identifierats för sjuksköterskor samt att genusaspektenbehöver fångas upp mer.

Introduction: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemical and molecular laboratory technique that is used for amplification of specific gene sequences. There are different variants of PCR. A more developed version is quantitative PCR (qPCR). In qPCR the fluorescence intensity is measured in realtime during each qPCR cycle. 

Aim: The purpose of the project is to evaluate whether the reaction volume can be reduced by half, which leads to using less material and thus make the method more cost-effective.

Matherial & method: Synthetic DNA sequence (gBlock) was diluted and set up in a standard curve with seven standards and used for 20 μl and 10 μl reaction volume, respectively. Each standard consisted of 4 replicates. To evaluate Duplex vs Singelplex, standard curve was prepared in combination with a constant concentration of another assay. To investigate intra-plate variation, identical reactions were set up in all wells of the PCR-plate.

Results: All experiments yielded detectable amplification products. The Cq value was used to calculate the mean and standard deviation, as well as the efficiency and R2 value

Conclusion:  The obtained results showed that the reaction volumes 10 and 20 µl are comparable. In duplex assay, genes with low gene expression can be analyzed with genes that have 10,000x higher gene expression. In intraplate-assay variation, the variation in the standard deviation increased in the right side of PCR-plate. 

The risk of violence in close relationships is higher for people with cognitive disabilities than in the general population. This is due to social isolation, and physical or financial dependence on others in everyday activities. To enable adequate protection for these victims, social workers need to take decisions and provide support that is based on knowledge about both violence and disability-related needs. By contrast, people with cognitive disabilities are de facto less likely to be provided with support adapted to their needs. Therefore, this study explores how social workers navigate barriers and facilitating aspects to support victims of violence with cognitive disabilities.Data were collected in individual interviews with 18 social workers, and analysed using content analysis. The inclusion criteria were 3 years or more experience in identifying and/or assessing exposure to violence in close relationships among people with cognitive disabilities.

The emerging categories illustrate how social workers face dilemmas when navigating the balance between individuals’ rights for self-determination and complex needs for protection and support. The policies that frame social workers' practice in Sweden are discussed in relation to the need for flexible interventions and accessible support based on interprofessional collaboration related to violence and cognitive disability. The categories also problematize the power dynamics involved and how different actors’ experiences, values, and power influence the support process. The different actors involved add to the complexity that social workers need to navigate.

This presentation focus on how social workers' practice is governed and hindered by policy, a focus on individuals' rights for self-determination, and the need to support and protect a group that may have difficulties to identify both violence and their needs for support.

Reoccurring symptoms and persistent problems that continue post treatment can becharacteristic of the vaginal infections Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) and recurrent vulvovaginalcandidiasis (RVVC). The purpose of this study was to describe women’s lifeexperiences in managing the symptoms of bacterial vaginosis and Candida. Sixteenwomen were recruited and participated in an interview study when they contacted aSwedish gynecology clinic with vaginal complaints that ranged from and includedabnormal discharge, irritation itching along with serious malodor. An interpretivephenomenological approach was used with an individual interview to get a more intimateunderstanding of the women experiencing these problems. The finding of thisstudy shows that managing the recurrent symptoms of the infections remains to be achallenge for women as it has a clearly negative impact on the quality of their lives.Four themes developed: frustration and mood disorders, intimacy changes in the relationship,exposure, hope and relief. The women had high hopes of eliminating thesymptoms within the six-month study period. The treatment program, with itswell-developed guidelines and continuity of care within the context of the studygreatly improved the quality of life of these women. Women had feelings of frustrationand anxiety when nothing could cure their problem while they had also a greathope to get rid of the symptoms with a long striking treatment. Well-developedguidelines and continuity of care can help these women to have an improved qualityof life.

The EKC model (Empathy, Knowledge and Care) provides the necessary empathy, knowledge andcare for the women who encounter health issues during their reproductive life. This approach to caring requires that healthcare workers are knowledgeable in order to confirm that a patient has suffered a miscarriage or a IUFD (Intra-uterine fetus death). Through understanding and training in the EKC model the healthcare professional increases their ability to be sympathetic and empathetic to a patient’s needs. The workers get training in sexual and reproductive health in order to intimately understand how they affect the lives of individuals and their families.                                                                            l

Sexual and reproductive health is a cross-sectional science that includes medicine, psychology, sociology and the caring sciences. Some of the more commonly experienced issues are in the areas of spontaneous abortion, miscarriages, invitrofertilization and adoption. Issues such as sexual abuse and violence towards women is another issue that is treatable with the EKC model. Pregnant women with diabetes type 1 fall under “maternity and diabetes” issues.

Intimate knowledge about how the grieving process works is essential to be able to provide the necessary support to the patient. It is possible that the support will give them the courage and motivation to try and conceive again. One key aspect of the EKC model is to provide open and clear communication between the healthcare personnel and the patient, whether that communication is done face-to-face or otherwise. The structured EKC conversation provides a viable tool to help healthcare professionals assist their patients in coming to terms and resolving their loss.

Bakgrund: Virtual reality (VR) är en välfärdsteknik som passar att använda inom hab-/rehabilitering. VR ger personen möjlighet till ett effektivt upprepat rörelsemönster samt att den kan utföras i en säker och virtuell miljö. Det finns dock inte i någon större utsträckning beskrivet hur svenska arbetsterapeuters inställning till och användningen av VR ser ut. Syftet med studien var att undersöka arbetsterapeuters inställning till och användning av Virtual Reality. Metod: Det gjordes en tvärsnittsstudie med kvantitativ metod. Datainsamlingen skedde genom en webbenkät, publicerad i en sluten Facebookgrupp, Arbetsterapeuter på Facebook. Det var totalt 91 personer som besvarade enkäten. Data analyserades med SPSS och EXCEL. Resultat: Endast 7 personer (7,7%) använder sig av VR i arbetet. Av dem som inte använder VR svarade 60 personer (65,9%) att de var intresserade av att göra det men att det bland annat är brist på kunskap och resurser som gör att det inte används idag. Enligt de respondenter som använder sig av VR är fördelarna att det är lättare att bibehålla motivationen, spänningen och når fler personer. Nackdelar kan vara att det inte passar alla och att tekniken kan krångla. Slutsats: Det är få arbetsterapeuter som använder VR idag men de flesta uppger ett intresse. Det verkar som att verksamheten och den digitala utvecklingen inom vården i Sverige inte är lika långt komna inom digitaliseringen, som vissa andra delar av världen, baserat på denna studie. Därav behövs vidare forskning om att använda VR inom svensk arbetsterapipraxis.

SammanfattningBakgrund: Hjärtstopp är en akut medicinsk händelse som kan leda till allvarliga konsekvenserför patientens fysiska och psykiska hälsa. Trots medicinska framsteg och förbättrad överlevnad,kan överlevare av hjärtstopp bemöta utmaningar i form av fysiska begränsningar ochpsykologiska komplikationer. Förståelsen för dessa utmaningar och behovet av stöd förhjärtstoppöverlevare är avgörande för att förbättra vården och rehabiliteringen av dessa patienter.Syftet: Syftet var att beskriva patienters upplevelser efter att ha överlevt ett hjärtstopp.Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med deskriptiv design. Sökningen utfördes i databasernaCinahl, Medline och PsycInfo som inkluderade 10 artiklar.Resultat: Tre kategorier och sex subkategorier identifierades: Ett förändrat liv inkluderarunderkategorierna: Kognitiva komplikationer,Fysiska komplikationer och Familje situation. Inomkategorin : Emotionella upplevelser inkluderas subkategorierna : Psykologiska utmaningar ochEn andra Chans. slutligen innefattar kategorin : Upplevelser av vården subkategorin: Otillräckliginformation och bristande stöd.Slutsats: Att överleva ett hjärtstopp innebar en signifikant händelse som väsentligt påverkadeöverlevarens liv på flera plan plötsligt. De som överlevde detta trauma upplevde en radomvälvande förändringar både fysisk, kognitiv och emotionell. Många drabbades av existentiellatankar och visade en ökad efterfrågan på information och psykologiska stöd för att hantera dentraumatiska händelsen.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate to what extent time management skills are associated with general self-efficacy and parental sense of competence, and if there are any differences between individuals with and without cognitive disabilities in these aspects.

Material and Methods: The study had a comparative cross-sectional design. Totally 86 individuals with cognitive disabilities (of whom 31 were parents), and 154 without disabilities (of whom 68 were parents) were included (N = 240). The Swedish versions of the Assessment of Time Management Skills (including time management, organisation & planning, and regulation of emotion subscales), General Self-Efficacy, and Parental Sense of Competence scale (including satisfaction, efficacy, and interest subscales) were used to collect data.

Results: There were significant differences (p < .001) between individuals with and without cognitive disabilities in all three subscales of Assessment of Time Management Skills and in General Self-Efficacy. Overall, individuals with a cognitive disability scored lower than persons without cognitive disabilities. A significant difference was observed between parents in all three subscales of time management skills after controlling for age and education (p < .0005). Parents with cognitive disabilities, compared to parents without cognitive disability, scored significantly lower in all measured scales, except for the interest subscale. In parents with a cognitive disability, there was a significant correlation between all three subscales of Time Management Skills and satisfaction. Among parents without a cognitive disability there was a significant correlation between time management; and organisation & planning subscales; and efficacy, and between General Self-Efficacy and time management.

Conclusions: Poor time management, planning and organisational skills, as well as a deficit in regulation of emotions may have a negative impact on general self-efficacy and parental sense of competence.

Background: Models-based approaches to physical education have inrecent years developed as a way for teachers and students toconcentrate on a manageable number of learning objectives, and alignpedagogical approaches with learning subject matter and context. Thispaper draws on Hannah Arendt’s account of vita activa to map existingapproaches to physical education as oriented towards: (a) health andexercise, (b) sport and games, and (c) experience and exploration.Purpose: The aim of the paper is to outline a new pedagogical model forphysical education: a practising model. We argue that the form of humanactivity related to practising is not well represented in existingorientations and models. To sustain this argument, we highlight themost central aspects of practising, and at the same time describe centralfeatures of the model.Relevance and implications: The paper addresses pedagogicalimplications the practising model has for physical education teachers.Central learning outcomes and teaching strategies related to fouressential and ‘non-negotiable’ features of the practising model arediscussed. These strategies are: (1) acknowledging subjectivity andproviding meaningful challenges, (2) focusing on content and the aimsof practising, (3) specifying and negotiating standards of excellence and(4) providing adequate time to practising.Conclusion: The practising model has the potential to inform newperspectives on pedagogical approaches, and renew and improveworking methods and learning practices, in physical education.

Ungdomar når inte upp till rekommenderade dosen av fysisk aktivitet, den psykiska ohälsan har ökat, samtidigt som många ungdomar inte trivs i skolan. Idrottsämnet som innefattar undervisning om hälsa har visat sig betona den fysiska hälsan framför den psykiska och sociala hälsan. Elever riskerar då att inte få tillräckliga kunskaper om hälsa som ett holistiskt hälsoperspektiv kan bidra med. Idrottsämnet har även historiskt betonat den fysiska hälsan. Läroböcker kan användas som verktyg i undervisningen och främja kunskaper om exempelvis hälsa. Syftet med studien har således varit att undersöka hur hälsa skildrats i gymnasieläroböcker författade åren 1988 och 2012. Det har visat hur mycket utrymme och på vilket sätt olika typer av hälsa beskrivits i läroböckerna. Frågeställningarna har varit: Vilka hälsodiskurser kan urskiljas och hur skildras de i läroböckerna? Vad finns det för likheter och skillnader gällande skildringen av hälsa i läroböckerna och vad kan det få för eventuella didaktiska konsekvenser i undervisningen? Diskursanalys har använts som metod i kombination med en hälsoteori med sedan tidigare identifierade hälsodiskurser. Även en komparativ metod har använts för att jämföra likheter och skillnader i läroböckernas hälsoskildring. Resultatet visar att flera hälsodiskurser har identifierats, där fysiologidiskursen och riskdiskursen dominerar. Fördelningen av hälsodiskurser var liknande i läroböckerna. Läroboken från år 2012 var mer detaljerad i skildringen av hälsa än läroboken från år 1988. Läroböckerna utgår från WHO:s definition av hälsa, dock skiljer sig hälsoskildringen. Läroboken från år 1988 domineras av den fysiska hälsan, och när psykisk och social hälsa skildras är det endast i relation till fysisk aktivitet. I läroboken från år 2012 får den fysiska hälsan mest utrymme, men hälsoskildringen är mer holistisk, när exempelvis psykisk och social hälsa skildras är det inte enbart i relation till fysisk aktivitet. Läroböckerna förhåller sig till de motsvarande läroplanerna Lgy 70 och Lgy 11. Lärare och elever bör vara kritiska till innehållet i läroböckerna, då de förmedlar olika hälsoideal som på olika sätt kan kategorisera elever. Kommunaliseringen kan ha en påverkan hur hälsa skildras i undervisningen. Läroboken från år 1988 kan i stor grad likställas med forskningsläget där det problematiserats att den fysiska hälsan dominerat. Lärobok från år 2012 motsäger sig en majoritet av forskningsläget då den förmedlar hälsa mer holistiskt, vilket kan främja en god kunskap om hälsa hos elever, i nuet och även i framtiden.