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  • 1.
    Andersson, Fredrik W.
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet. Statistics Sweden (SCB), Örebro, Sweden.
    Jordahl, Henrik
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet. Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Kärnä, Anders
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet. Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Ballooning bureaucracy? Stylized facts of growing administration in Swedish higher education2023Ingår i: Constitutional Political Economy, ISSN 1043-4062, E-ISSN 1572-9966Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    All organizations need to allocate labor to production and administration. In many cases—particularly within the public sector—the optimal allocation is far from obvious. Indeed, vocal concerns have been raised about the administrative burden in several public services, not least in education. We investigate this issue using detailed registry data on all employees at Swedish universities and colleges from 2005 to 2019 and document three stylized facts. First, the group of highly educated administrators has grown rapidly, almost by a factor of seven compared with teachers and researchers. Second, the number of less-educated administrators has stayed flat. Third, the time that teachers and researchers spend on administrative tasks has been roughly constant over time. This indicates that resources have been diverted from teaching and research and raises fears of excessive administrative growth in Swedish higher education.

  • 2.
    Bergh, Andreas
    et al.
    Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Erlingsson, Gissur Ó.
    CKS, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
    Gustafsson, Anders
    Jönköping Business School, Jönköping, Sweden; The Ratio Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Wittberg, Emanuel
    IAS, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
    Municipally Owned Enterprises as Danger Zones for Corruption?: How Politicians Having Feet in Two Camps May Undermine Conditions for Accountabilit2019Ingår i: Public Integrity, ISSN 1099-9922, E-ISSN 1558-0989, Vol. 21, nr 3, s. 320-352Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The market-inspired reforms of New Public Management have been particularly pronounced in Swedish local government. Notably, municipally owned enterprises (MOEs) have rapidly grown in numbers. Principal-agent theory gives rise to the hypothesis that the massive introduction of MOEs has impacted negatively on the conditions for accountability in Swedish local government. To study this, social network analysis was employed in mapping networks for 223 MOEs in 11 strategically chosen municipalities, covering a total of 732 politicians. The analysis reveals substantial overlaps between principals (representatives of the ultimate stakeholders, citizens) and agents (the boards of the MOEs). Hence, corporatization of public services seems to imply worrisome entanglements between the politicians who are set to steer, govern, and oversee MOEs on the one hand, and the board members of MOEs on the other. The increasing numbers of MOEs may therefore have adverse effects on accountability in important and growing parts of Swedish local government.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    Municipally Owned Enterprises as Danger Zones for Corruption? How Politicians Having Feet in Two Camps May Undermine Conditions for Accountability
  • 3.
    Bergh, Andreas
    et al.
    Department of Economics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Kärnä, Anders
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet. Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Explaining the rise of populism in European democracies 1980-2018: The role of labor market institutions and inequality2022Ingår i: Social Science Quarterly, ISSN 0038-4941, E-ISSN 1540-6237, Vol. 103, nr 7, s. 1719-1731Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives: This article aims to find country-level factors that explain the rise of populist parties in European democracies. While populism is often connected to inequality, we not that right-wing populist parties tend to thrive on fear, including fear of job loss. If flexible labor markets mean that unemployment is dedramatized because finding a new job is easier, labor market flexibility could dampen populism and inequality may be less important.

    Methods: We run country-level fixed effects regressions on populist party vote shares in 26 European countries from 1980 to 2018. We use two different classifications of right-wing and left-wing populist parties and control for employment protection strictness as measured by OECD, Gini coefficients of disposable income, and a large set of control variables.

    Results: Unemployment is positively associated with left-wing populism. Strict employment protection is positively associated with right-wing populism. Gini inequality of income is unrelated to (both types of) populism.

    Conclusion: Strong employment protection and low-income inequality may not be the most efficient way to combat right-wing populism. A strategy that promotes flexible labor markets, and job upgrading may be an alternative. More research on the link between labor market institutions and (in particular, right-wing) populism is needed.

  • 4.
    Bergh, Andreas
    et al.
    Lund University, Lund, Sweden; The Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Kärnä, Anders
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet. The Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Globalization and populism in Europe2021Ingår i: Public Choice, ISSN 0048-5829, E-ISSN 1573-7101, Vol. 189, nr 1-2, s. 51-70Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Recent micro-level studies have suggested that globalization-in particular, economic globalization and trade with China-breeds political polarization and populism. This study examines whether or not those results generalize by examining the country-level association between vote shares for European populist parties and economic globalization. Using data on vote shares for 267 right-wing and left-wing populist parties in 33 European countries during 1980-2017, and globalization data from the KOF institute, we find no evidence of a positive association between (economic or other types of) globalization and populism. EU membership is associated with a 4-6-percentage-point larger vote share for right-wing populist parties.

  • 5.
    Gustafsson, Anders
    Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping, Sweden; The Ratio Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Bråkmakaren2017Ingår i: Axess, ISSN 1651-0941Artikel i tidskrift (Övrig (populärvetenskap, debatt, mm))
  • 6.
    Gustafsson, Anders
    Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping, Sweden; Ratio Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Busy doing nothing: Why politicians implement inefficient policies2019Ingår i: Constitutional Political Economy, ISSN 1043-4062, E-ISSN 1572-9966, Vol. 30, nr 3, s. 282-299Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A substantial body of literature suggests that politicians are blocked from implementing efficient reforms that solve substantial problems because of special interest groups or budget constraints. Despite the existing mechanisms that block potentially efficient reforms, real-world data show that a large number of new programs and policies are implemented every year in developed countries. These policies are often selective and considered to be fairly inefficient by ex post evaluation, and they tend to be small in size and scope. With this background, this paper studies the reasons why a rational politician would implement an inefficient public policy that is intended to obfuscate the difficulties in achieving reforms. The paper uses a simple competence signaling model that suggests that if an effective reform is impossible, engaging in strategic obfuscation through an inefficient program increases the probability of winning a re-election compared to doing nothing at all. This is because an inefficient reform does not lead voters to believe that the politician is incompetent, which a lack of action risks doing. Intentional inefficiency aiming to obfuscate the difficulty of efficient reforms can therefore complement the previous theories’ explanations of political failure.

  • 7.
    Gustafsson, Anders
    Internationella Handelshögskolan i Jönköping, Jönköping, Sverige; Ratio, stockholm, Sverige.
    Den borgerliga kulturen skapade den industriella revolutionen2017Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt, ISSN 0345-2646, Vol. 45, nr 5, s. 83-85Artikel, recension (Övrig (populärvetenskap, debatt, mm))
    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    Den borgerliga kulturen skapade den industriella revolutionen
  • 8.
    Gustafsson, Anders
    Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Industrial policy: Political considerations, payoffs, and peculiar incentives2018Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [sv]

    Denna avhandling består av 4 oberoende uppsatser. De studerar några aspekter av aktiv näringspolitik, mera bestämt effekten av offentliga lån och stöd som syftar till att öka tillväxten och innovationsförmågan i företag med hjälp av svenska data. Dessa åtgärder syftar till att lösa marknadsmisslyckanden på kapitalmarknaden, som annars kan leda till att företag saknar de finansiella resurserna som de behöver för att investera i fysiskt- eller humankapital. Om staten kan identifiera dessa företag och hjälpa dem med finansiering så kan dessa företag investera och växa, vilket i sin tur ökar den ekonomiska tillväxten. Två uppsatser studerar effektivitet i nu existerande svenska åtgärder genom att mäta effekterna av statliga bidrag samt lån till företag. En kombination av matchning och difference-in-difference regressioner används för att reducera problem som beror på selektering.

    Resultaten visar att företag som får bidrag får ökade vinster och högre produktivitet, men bara på kort sikt. Resultaten för offentliga lån är mera positiva, med långvariga positiva effekter på produktivitet och försäljning, men bara för de mindre företagen. Offentliga lån leder inte till att företag anställer flera.

    Den tredje uppsatsen studerar vilka incitamenten som företag som söker stöd har. Genom att modellera beslutet som ett val mellan att producera för marknaden eller söka stöd så visar modellen att företag med låg marknadsproduktvitet bör ägna mer tid åt att söka stöd eftersom de har lägre alternativ kostnad. De empiriska resultaten är i linje med vad modellen förutsäger.

    Den fjärde och sista uppsatsen studerar vilka incitamenten som politiker har att implementera åtgärder som de på förhand är ineffektiva. Ifall det är svårt att lösa ett samhällsproblem kan det fortfarande vara rationellt att införa ineffektiva åtgärder eftersom brist på aktivitet kan signalera inkompetents gentemot väljarna. Ifall väljarna har imperfekt information om olika åtgärders effektivitet kan själva handlingen i sig vara mera viktig än handlingens effektivitet.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    Industrial Policy: Political Considerations, Payoffs, and Peculiar Incentives
  • 9.
    Gustafsson, Anders
    Jönköping International Business School; The Ratio Institute.
    Statens roll för företagsstöd och då särskilt innovationsstöd2015Ingår i: Tillväxt genom stöd: En bok om statligt stöd tillnäringslivet / [ed] Gustavsson Tingvall, P., Östersund: Tillväxtanalys , 2015, s. 13-21Kapitel i bok, del av antologi (Övrig (populärvetenskap, debatt, mm))
    Abstract [sv]

    Kapitlet diskuter argument för och emot statlig intervention och selektiva stödåtgärder. Under vilka förutsättningar är det motiverat att stötta företag och FoI-verksamhet, och vilka utmaningar möter en sådan politik? Argument för statligt stöd är att staten kan lösa marknadsproblem. Exempelvis kan staten behöva stötta innovativa företag som annars har svårt att få finansiering. Det är ofta svårt för banker och andra finansiärer att bedöma dessa företags lönsamhet, vilket gör dem mindre benägna att låna ut pengar. Riskkapitalbolag kan ta större risker, men stödjer sällan nya företag eftersom det blir för dyrt att utvärdera om de är värda att satsa på. Ett annat argument är att ny kunskap har positiva effekter på andra än de företag som får stöd. Därför bör staten stötta innovativa företag och projekt som ännu inte är lönsamma nog för marknaden. Dessutom kan staten ta en aktiv roll för att samordna och effektivisera innovationssystemet och samverkan mellan stat, näringsliv, akademi och finansiärer. Argument emot statligt stöd är att företag ägnar sig åt att söka stöd i stället för åt produktivt arbete. Stödet kan också gå till företag som är bra på att söka stöd och ägnar sig åt ”rätt” saker, snarare än de företag som bäst behöver det. Ett annat motargument är att det kan vara svårt att motivera varför staten skulle vara bättre på att hitta lönsamma företag än marknaden. Statliga selektiva stöd kan också leda till att ett mindre produktivt företag konkurrerar ut ett som är mer produktivt. Andra utmaningar som stödpolitiken har att brottas med är bland annat att det kan vara dyrt att administrera stöden, att stöden inte generar nya investeringar utan bara ses som en alternativ finansiering till en åtgärd som skulle gjorts i alla fall och att de kan hindra nödvändig strukturomvandling. Men statligt stöd kan också handla om att stötta företag i utsatta regioner och sektorer. Här handlar det om medmänsklighet och valfrihet för medborgarna. Vi menar dock att även om stöden är av denna karaktär bör de användas så effektivt som möjligt.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    Statens roll för företagsstöd och då särskilt innovationsstöd
  • 10.
    Gustafsson, Anders
    et al.
    Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping, Sweden; The Swedish Agency for Growth Policy Analysis, Stockholm, Sweden; The Ratio Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Stephan, Andreas
    Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Does the countryside lack cash (funding)? The impact of public bank loans on firm growth and its dependence on location2019Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate whether public policies that aim to reduce credit constraints for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have different impacts on firms located in different types of regions. Using loan data from the state-owned Swedish bank Almi and combining coarsened exact matching with difference-in-difference regressions, we find positive but heterogeneous effects of loans on firm growth. Firms in urban regions are found to be less credit-constrained compared to firms located in other regions. However, the impact from receiving a public loan on firm growth is stronger for SMEs residing in major cities compared to firms in other regions. These results have important implications, suggesting that an evaluation of policies that are targeted to reduce credit constraints should take firm location into account.

  • 11.
    Gustafsson, Anders
    et al.
    Tillväxtanalys, Östersund, Sweden.
    Stephan, Andreas
    Jönköping Business School, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Påverkar närvaron av bankkontor de lokala företagens kredittillgång?2019Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 12.
    Gustafsson, Anders
    et al.
    The Ratio Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Stephan, Andreas
    The Ratio Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Hallman, Alice
    The Ratio Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Karlsson, Nils
    The Ratio Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    The “sugar rush” from innovation subsidies: a robust political economy perspective2016Ingår i: Empirica, ISSN 0340-8744, E-ISSN 1573-6911, Vol. 43, nr 4, s. 729-756Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The governments of most advanced countries offer some type of financial subsidy to encourage firm innovation and productivity. This paper analyzes the effects of innovation subsidies using a unique Swedish database that contains firm level data for the period 1997–2011, specifically informa tion on firm subsidies over a broad range of programs. Applying causal treatment effect analysis based on matching and a diff-in-diff approach combined with a qualitative case study of Swedish innovation subsidy programs, we test whether such subsidies have positive effects on firm performance. Our results indicate a lack of positive performance effects in the long run for the majority of firms, albeit there are positive short-run effects on human capital investments and also positive short-term productivity effects for the smallest firms. These findings are interpreted from a robust political economy perspective that reveals that the problems of acquiring correct information and designing appropriate incentives are so complex that the absence of significant positive long-run effects on firm performance for the majority of firms is not surprising.

  • 13.
    Gustafsson, Anders
    et al.
    Tillväxtanalys, Östersund, Sweden.
    Tano, Sofia
    Tillväxtanalys, Östersund, Sweden.
    Utvärdering av RUT-avdraget: effekter på företagens tillväxt och överlevnad2019Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 14.
    Gustafsson, Anders
    et al.
    Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN).
    Tingvall, Patrik Gustavsson
    The European Institute of Japanese Studies (EIJS), Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden; National Board of Trade Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Halvarsson, Daniel
    The Ratio Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Subsidy Entrepreneurs: an Inquiry into Firms Seeking Public Grants2020Ingår i: Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, ISSN 1566-1679, E-ISSN 1573-7012, Vol. 20, s. 439-478Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper studies the incentives and characteristics of firms that apply for, and eventually receive, one or multiple governmental grants intended to stimulate innovation and growth. The analysis departs from a contest model in which entrepreneurs are free to allocate their effort between production and seeking grants. The results suggest that highly productive entrepreneurs abstain from seeking grants, moderately productive firms allocate a share of their effort to grant seeking, and low-productivity firms allocate most resources to seeking grants. Due to their efforts in seeking grants, these low-productive subsidy entrepreneurs also have a relatively high probability of receiving the grants. Using comprehensive data over grants from the three largest grant-distributing agencies in Sweden, we find concordant evidence of a negative relation between the probability of receiving a grant and firm productivity. As we go from single- to multiple-grant-supported firms, this negative relation becomes more pronounced.

  • 15.
    Henrekson, Magnus
    et al.
    Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Kärnä, Anders
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet. Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Sanandaji, Tino
    Institute for Economic and Business History Research (EHFF), Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Schumpeterian entrepreneurship: coveted by policymakers but impervious to top-down policymaking2022Ingår i: Journal of evolutionary economics, ISSN 0936-9937, E-ISSN 1432-1386, Vol. 32, nr 3, s. 867-890Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Differentiating various types of entrepreneurs provides clues to the puzzle of why vertical or top-down policies often fail to create Schumpeterian entrepreneurship and the ecosystems where it thrives. Schumpeterian entrepreneurship is intrinsically contrarian, whereas public policy has a bias toward incremental innovation and replication of past success. If central planners knew what the next radical innovation would be, there would be no need for Schumpeterian entrepreneurs. Schumpeterian entrepreneurs create not only companies but also institutions in the entrepreneurial support system. These ever-evolving structures are too complex to design, and central planning instead reduces the space for organic institutional innovation.

  • 16.
    Johansson, Christian
    et al.
    Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology & University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Kärnä, Anders
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet. Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Meriläinen, Jaakko
    Department of Economics, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
    Vox Populi, Vox Dei? Tacit collusion in politics2023Ingår i: Economics & Politics, ISSN 0954-1985, E-ISSN 1468-0343, Vol. 35, nr 3, s. 752-772Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    We study competition between political parties in repeated elections with probabilistic voting. This model entails multiple equilibria, and we focus on cases where political collusion occurs. When parties hold different opinions on some policy, they may take different policy positions that do not coincide with the median voter's preferred policy platform. In contrast, when parties have a mutual understanding on a particular policy, their policy positions may converge (on some dimension) but not to the median voter's preferred policy. That is to say, parties can tacitly collude with one another, despite political competition. Collusion may collapse, for instance, after the entry of a new political party. This model rationalizes patterns in survey data from Sweden, where politicians on different sides of the political spectrum take different positions on economic policy but similar positions on refugee intake-diverging from the average voter's position, but only until the entry of a populist party.

  • 17.
    Kärnä, Anders
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet.
    Take it to the (public) bank: The efficiency of public bank loans to private firms2021Ingår i: The German Economic Review, ISSN 1465-6485, E-ISSN 1468-0475, Vol. 22, nr 1, s. 27-62Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Incomplete capital markets and credit constraints for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are often considered obstacles to economic growth, thus motivating government interventions in capital markets. While such policies are common, it is less clear to what extent these interventions result in firm growth or to which firms interventions should be targeted. Using a unique dataset with information about state bank loans targeting credit-constrained SMEs in Sweden with and without complementary private bankloans, this paper contributes to the literature by studying how these loans affect the targeted firms for several outcome variables. The results suggest that the loans create a one-off increase in investments, with long-term, positive effects for sales and labor productivity but only for firms with 10 or fewer employees. Increased access to capital by firms can therefore produce increases in economic output but only in a specific type of firm. This insight is of key importance in designing policy if the aim is to increase economic growth.

  • 18.
    Kärnä, Anders
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet. The Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Karlsson, Johan
    Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Engberg, Erik
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet. The Ratio Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Political failures in innovation policy: a cautionary note2020Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Within the field of innovation studies, researchers have identified several market failures that hamper investment in R&D, innovation and growth in a market economy.Several policies such as government subsidies, tax deductions, soft loans, and publicventure capital provided to firms that pursue R&D have therefore been recommendedby researchers, in addition to regulations to increase the quality and standards of goodsand services. Less attention has been paid to government failures in cases where a policy fails to achieve its stated goal, often due to conflicts between the interests of specialinterest groups and the public. This paper discusses the concept of government failurewithin an innovation policy context and why this perspective is important for policydesign since it is likely that policies that aim to reduce market failures could sufferfrom political failures. A text analysis of all papers published in 5 leading innovationjournals between 2010 and 2019, a total of 5,526 papers, indicates a lack of researchabout government failures, which could lead to recommendations from researches topolicymakers not being successful due to political failures.

  • 19.
    Kärnä, Anders
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet. Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Karlsson, Johan
    Centre for Family Entrepreneurship and Ownership (CeFEO), Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Engberg, Erik
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet. Centre for Family Entrepreneurship and Ownership (CeFEO), Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Svensson, Peter
    Independent, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Political failure: a missing piece in innovation policy analysis2023Ingår i: Economics of Innovation and New Technology, ISSN 1043-8599, E-ISSN 1476-8364, Vol. 32, nr 7, s. 1037-1068Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Within the field of innovation studies, researchers have identified systematic failures that hamper investment in R&D, innovation, and growth. Accordingly, researchers in this field often seek to provide policy recommendations on how to alleviate these failures. However, previous discussions have often been lacking considerations to the risks of political failures, meaning that policies fail to achieve their stated goals in a systematic manner. In response to this gap, this article aims to illustrate the concept of political failure and its relevance for innovation research. This is done by both discussing how political failure can impact innovation policy and by reviewing the prevalence of any discussions of political failure among top-ranked journals on innovation for the period 2010-2019, a total of 7161 articles. The results show that consideration of political failure is scarce, with a small number of papers that have a substantial analysis of political failures. If the awareness of political failures could be increased, this could lead to better policy recommendations with a more nuanced discussion of the risks and limitations of public policy.

  • 20.
    Kärnä, Anders
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet. Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Örebro, Sweden.
    Manduchi, Agostino
    Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Stephan, Andreas
    Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Distance still matters: Local bank closures and credit availability2021Ingår i: International Review of Finance, ISSN 1369-412X, E-ISSN 1468-2443, Vol. 21, nr 4, s. 1503-1510Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In recent years, commercial banks have substantially reduced the number of their branch offices. We address the question of whether or not the increased distance to lenders caused by branch office closures translates into a lower credit supply for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). We use a unique dataset based on 33,000 loan contracts from a state-owned Swedish bank designed to support credit-constrained SMEs, and relate loan size and the interest rate to the number of nearby commercial bank offices. We use an IV strategy to account for potential endogeneity of the number of banks in a region. In line with previous studies, we find that interest rates increase with distance, while loan size decreases with distance. Thus, a larger number of local bank offices increases the local credit supply, and thereby reduces credit constraints of nearby SMEs.

  • 21.
    Kärnä, Anders
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet. Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Stephan, Andreas
    Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden.
    Do firms in rural regions lack access to credit? Local variation in small business loans and firm growth2022Ingår i: Regional studies, ISSN 0034-3404, E-ISSN 1360-0591, Vol. 56, nr 11, s. 1919-1933Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate whether bank loans specifically designed to reduce credit constraints for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have different impacts depending on where the firm is located. Using detailed firm-level data from the state-owned Swedish bank Almi, which specifically lends to credit-constrained SMEs, and coarsened exact matching and difference-in-difference regressions, we study the causal effects of small business loans on firm growth. The results show that receiving a loan has a greater impact on firm growth for those SMEs located in major cities than for firms located in remote rural regions. This result has implications for policies that aim to increase growth in rural regions and suggests that increasing access to credit alone is not sufficient to increase employment growth.

  • 22.
    Kärnä, Anders
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet. Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Öhberg, Patrik
    SOM-Institute, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Misrepresentation and migration2023Ingår i: Kyklos (Basel), ISSN 0023-5962, E-ISSN 1467-6435, Vol. 76, nr 4, s. 503-525Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In a representative democracy, politicians should either implement policies that voters want or policies that politicians believe are in voters long-term interest, even if voters currently oppose them. The exact balance between these goals is debatable and politicians' policy engagement can tempt them to dismiss voters' preferences and resist information counter to their own policy position. In this paper, we discuss Sweden's generous migration policy and how it can serve as an example where politicians' policy engagement led them to a overly optimistic view of the implications of welcoming a large influx of refugees. Using detailed, repeated, survey data on members of parliament, we show that Swedish politicians favored a much more generous policy toward accepting refugees than voters for a long period of time. Neither observable factors nor expert knowledge can explain this difference between voters and politicians. A more likely explanations is wishful thinking and policy engagement from politicians that continued until political competition increased.

  • 23.
    Österholm, Pär
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet.
    Hultkrantz, Lars
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet.
    Kärnä, Anders
    Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet.
    De stora kostnaderna för äldre ligger framför oss2020Ingår i: Svenska dagbladet, ISSN 1101-2412, nr January 23Artikel i tidskrift (Övrig (populärvetenskap, debatt, mm))
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