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  • 1.
    Vincent, Leah R.
    et al.
    Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda MD, United States; NIAID, Bethesda MD, United States.
    Kerr, Samuel R.
    Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, United States; Yale University, New Haven CT, United States.
    Tan, Yang
    Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, United States.
    Tomberg, Joshua
    Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, United States.
    Raterman, Erica L.
    Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda MD, United States.
    Hotopp, Julie C. Dunning
    Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, United States.
    Unemo, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper. World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections, Swedish Reference Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Infections, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Nicholas, Robert A.
    Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, United States.
    Jerse, Ann E.
    Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda MD, United States.
    In Vivo-Selected Compensatory Mutations Restore the Fitness Cost of Mosaic penA Alleles That Confer Ceftriaxone Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae2018Ingår i: mBio, ISSN 2161-2129, E-ISSN 2150-7511, Vol. 9, nr 2, artikel-id e01905-17Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Resistance to ceftriaxone in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is mainly conferred by mosaic penA alleles that encode penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) variants with markedly lower rates of acylation by ceftriaxone. To assess the impact of these mosaic penA alleles on gonococcal fitness, we introduced the mosaic penA alleles from two ceftriaxone-resistant (Cro(r)) clinical isolates (H041 and F89) into a Cro(s) strain (FA19) by allelic exchange and showed that the resultant Cro(r) mutants were significantly outcompeted by the Cro(s) parent strain in vitro and in a murine infection model. Four Cro(r) compensatory mutants of FA19 penA41 were isolated independently from mice that outcompeted the parent strain both in vitro and in vivo. One of these compensatory mutants (LV41C) displayed a unique growth profile, with rapid log growth followed by a sharp plateau/gradual decline at stationary phase. Genome sequencing of LV41C revealed a mutation (G348D) in the acnB gene encoding the bifunctional aconitate hydratase 2/2 methylisocitrate dehydratase. Introduction of the acnB G348D allele into FA19 penA41 conferred both a growth profile that phenocopied that of LV41C and a fitness advantage, although not as strongly as that exhibited by the original compensatory mutant, suggesting the existence of additional compensatory mutations. The mutant aconitase appears to be a functional knockout with lower activity and expression than wild-type aconitase. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of FA19 penA41 acnB(G348D) revealed a large set of upregulated genes involved in carbon and energy metabolism. We conclude that compensatory mutations can be selected in Cro(r) gonococcal strains that increase metabolism to ameliorate their fitness deficit.

    IMPORTANCE: The emergence of ceftriaxone-resistant (Cro(r)) Neisseria gonorrhoeae has led to the looming threat of untreatable gonorrhea. Whether Cro resistance is likely to spread can be predicted from studies that compare the relative fitnesses of susceptible and resistant strains that differ only in the penA gene that confers Cro resistance. We showed that mosaic penA alleles found in Cro(r) clinical isolates are outcompeted by the Cro(s) parent strain in vitro and in vivo but that compensatory mutations that allow ceftriaxone resistance to be maintained by increasing bacterial fitness are selected during mouse infection. One compensatory mutant that was studied in more detail had a mutation in acnB, which encodes the aconitase that functions in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This study illustrates that compensatory mutations can be selected during infection, which we hypothesize may allow the spread of Cro resistance in nature. This study also provides novel insights into gonococcal metabolism and physiology.

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