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  • 51. Keiter, Steffen
    et al.
    Grund, Stefanie
    van Bavel, Bert
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Hagberg, Jessika
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Kammann, Ulrike
    Klempt, Martin
    Manz, Werner
    Olsman Takner, Helena
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Braunbeck, Thomas
    Hollert, Henner
    Activities and identification of aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists in sediments from the Danube river2008Inngår i: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, ISSN 1618-2642, E-ISSN 1618-2650, Vol. 390, nr 8, s. 2009-2019Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This study is a consequence of a distinct fish decline in the Danube river since the beginning of the 1990s. In contrast to the decline of fish population, former studies have repeatedly documented that the water quality along the Danube river is improving. However, the conclusion of a pilot study in 2002 was that a high hazard potential is associated with local sediments. The present study documents that sediment samples from the Danube river showed comparatively high aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediated activity in biotests, using the cell lines GPC.2D.Luc, H4IIE (DR-CALUX®) and RTL-W1. The combination of chemical analysis, fractionation techniques and different in vitro tests revealed that priority pollutants could not explain the main induction, even though the concentrations of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were very high (maximum in the tributary Schwarzach, sum of 16 EPA PAHs 26 μg/g). In conclusion, this investigation shows that nonpriority pollutants mainly mediate the high induction rates. Nevertheless, owing to the effects of PAHs towards fish and the connection between dioxin-like activity and carcinogenicity, the link between contamination and the fish population decline cannot be ruled out.

  • 52.
    Keiter, Steffen
    et al.
    University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
    Grund, Stefanie
    University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
    van Bavel, Bert
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Hagberg, Jessika
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Ulrike, Kammann
    Federal Research Centre for Fisheries, Hamburg, Germany.
    Klempt, Martin
    Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Food, Hamburg, Germany.
    Manz, Werner
    Federal Institute of Hydrology, Koblenz, Germany.
    Olsman, Helena
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Braunbeck, Thomas
    University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
    Hollert, Henner
    RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany .
    Activities and identification of aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists in sediments from the Danube river2008Inngår i: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, ISSN 1618-2642, E-ISSN 1618-2650, Vol. 390, nr 8, s. 2009-2019Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This study is a consequence of a distinct fishdecline in the Danube river since the beginning of the 1990s. In contrast to the decline of fish population, former studies have repeatedly documented that the water quality along the Danube river is improving. However, the conclusion of a pilot study in 2002 was that a high hazard potentialis associated with local sediments. The present study documents that sediment samples from the Danube river showed comparatively high aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediated activity in biotests, using the cell lines GPC.2D.Luc, H4IIE(DR-CALUX®) and RTL-W1. The combination of chemical analysis, fractionation techniques and different in vitro tests revealed that priority pollutants could not explain the main induction, even though the concentrations of prioritypolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were very high (maximum in the tributary Schwarzach, sum of 16 EPAPAHs 26 μg/g). In conclusion, this investigation shows that nonpriority pollutants mainly mediate the high inductionrates. Nevertheless, owing to the effects of PAHs towards fish and the connection between dioxin-like activity andcarcinogenicity, the link between contamination and the fish population decline cannot be ruled out.

  • 53.
    Keiter, Su
    et al.
    University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
    Baumann, L.
    University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
    Faerber, H.
    University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
    Holbech, H.
    University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.
    Skutlarek, D.
    University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Braunbeck, T.
    University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
    Long-term effects of a binary mixture of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and bisphenol A (BPA) in zebrafish (Danio rerio)2012Inngår i: Aquatic Toxicology, ISSN 0166-445X, E-ISSN 1879-1514, Vol. 118-119, s. 116-129Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Previous in vitro studies have reported the potential of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) to increase the toxicity of other compounds. Given the complex nature of mixtures of environmental pollutants in aquatic systems together with the persistent and bioaccumulative properties of PFOS, this study aimed at evaluating the long-term effects and toxicity-increasing behavior of PFOS in vivo using the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish were maintained in flow-through conditions and exposed to single and binary mixtures of PFOS and the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) at nominal concentrations of 0.6, 100 and 300 mu g/L and 10, 200 and 400 mu g/L, respectively. F1 and F2 generations were evaluated from 0 to 180 days post-fertilization (dpf) and F3 generation was evaluated from 0 to 14 dpf. Survival was documented in all generations, whereas growth, fecundity, fertilization rate, histological alterations (in liver, thyroid and gonads) and vitellogenin (Vtg) induction in males were evaluated for Fl and F2 generations. Data for growth were collected at 30, 90 and 180 dpf and data for histological evaluations and Vtg induction were analyzed at 90 and 180 dpf. No significant effects on survival were seen in the Fl generation in any treatment following 180 d exposure: however, in the F2 generation, 300 mu g/L PFOS both alone and in combination with BPA (10, 200 and 400 mu g/L) induced 100% mortality within 14 dpf. PFOS (0.6 and 300 mu g/L) did not increase the Vtg-inducing potential of BPA (10, 200 and 400 mu g/L) in a binary mixture. In contrast, binary mixtures with 300 mu g/L PFOS suppressed the Vtg levels in Fl males at 90 dpf when compared to single BPA exposures. Whereas the lowest tested PFOS concentration (0.6 mu g/L) showed an estrogenic potential in terms of significant Vtg induction, Vtg levels were generally found to decrease with increasing PFOS-exposure in both Fl and F2 generations. In Fl generation, BPA-exposure was found to increase Vtg levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Histological analyses of Fl and F2 fish revealed hepatocellular vacuolization, predominantly in males, following PFOS-exposure both alone and in combination with BPA. Hepatotoxicity by PFOS might explain the suppressed Vtg response seen in PFOS-exposed Fl and F2 males. PFOS-exposed fish also showed granulomas, mainly in the liver. Given previous reports of the immunosuppressive potential of PFOS, the granulomas could be a consequence of a PFOS-induced reduction of the immune response potential. In conclusion, the hypothesis that the presence of PFOS increases the endocrine potential of BPA could not be confirmed in zebrafish. Adverse effects on liver structure and survival were only seen at concentrations well above ecologically relevant concentrations; however, the decline in survival rates following PFOS-exposure seen over generations again documents the importance of long-term studies for the investigation of persistent environmental pollutants.

  • 54.
    Keiter, Susanne
    et al.
    Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
    Burkhard-Medicke, Kathleen
    Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
    Wellner, Peggy
    Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
    Kais, Britta
    Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
    Färber, Harald
    Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
    Skutlarek, Dirk
    Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Braunbeck, Thomas
    Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
    Keiter, Steffen
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Luckenback, Till
    Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
    Does perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) act as chemosensitizer in zebrafish embryos?2016Inngår i: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 548-549, s. 317-324Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Earlier studies have shown that perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) increases the toxicity of other chemicals by enhancing their uptake by cells and tissues. The present study aimed at testing whether the underlying mechanism of enhanced uptake of chemicals by zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos in the presence of PFOS is by interference of this compound with the cellular efflux transporter Abcb4. Modifications of uptake/clearance and toxicity of two Abcb4 substrates, the fluorescent dye rhodamine B (RhB) and vinblastine, by PFOS were evaluated using 24 and 48. h post-fertilization (hpf) embryos. Upon 90. min exposure of 24. hpf embryos to 1. μM RhB and different PFOS concentrations (3-300. μM) accumulation of RhB in zebrafish was increased by up to 11.9-fold compared to controls, whereas RhB increases in verapamil treatments were 1.7-fold. Co-administration of PFOS and vinblastine in exposures from 0 to 48. hpf resulted in higher vinblastine-caused mortalities in zebrafish embryos indicating increased uptake of this compound. Interference of PFOS with zebrafish Abcb4 activity was further studied using recombinant protein obtained with the baculovirus expression system. PFOS lead to a concentration-dependent decrease of the verapamil-stimulated Abcb4 ATPase activity; at higher PFOS concentrations (250, 500. μM), also the basal ATPase activity was lowered indicating PFOS to be an Abcb4 inhibitor. In exposures of 48. hpf embryos to a very high RhB concentration (200. μM), accumulation of RhB in embryo tissue and adsorption to the chorion were increased in the presence of 50 or 100. μM PFOS. In conclusion, the results indicate that PFOS acts as inhibitor of zebrafish Abcb4; however, the exceptionally large PFOS-caused effect amplitude of RhB accumulation in the 1. μM RhB experiments and the clear PFOS effects in the experiments with 200. μM RhB suggest that an additional mechanism appears to be responsible for the potential of PFOS to enhance uptake of Abcb4 substrates.

  • 55. Klee, Nina
    et al.
    Gustavsson, Lillemor
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Kosmehl, Thomas
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Erdinger, Lothar
    Braunbeck, Thomas
    Hollert, Henner
    Changes in toxicity and genotoxicity of industrial sewage sludge samples containing nitro- and amino-aromatic compounds following treatment in bioreactors with different oxygen regimes2004Inngår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499, Vol. 11, nr 5, s. 313-320Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    GOALS, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: From 2005, deposition of organic waste will be banned in Sweden. Likewise, in Germany and Austria, similar bans are being planned, and further countries will probably follow. Thus, there is a need to develop new methods and to refine established techniques for sludge management in the whole of the European Union. For this end, there is also an urgent need for appropriate ecotoxicological approaches to elucidate and assess the hazard potential of sewage sludge. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the capacity of various established sludge treatment methods using different oxygen regimes to degrade recalcitrant nitro-substituted organic compounds and reduce their toxicity. Sewage sludge samples from a wastewater treatment plant in Sweden (Cambrex Karlskoga AB, industrial area Björkborn) receiving wastewater from industries manufacturing pharmaceutical substances, chemical intermediates and explosives were processed with different sludge treatment methods. Among other treatment methods, bioreactors (for anaerobic and aerobic sludge treatment) were used. In the present investigation, a battery of in vitro bioassays was employed to compare the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of different fractions of sludge samples in order to elucidate whether the treatments were suitable to reduce the toxicity of the sludge.

    METHODS:

    In order to investigate the cytotoxicity of the extracts of treated and untreated sludge samples, the acute cytotoxicity test with the permanent cell line RTL-W1 was used. Genotoxicity was tested by means of the comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis) with RTL-W1 cells, and mutagenicity was assessed with the Ames test using the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA98NR and TA100. Sludge toxicity was tested in different fractions of organic extracts produced by acetone and hexane extractions. The subsequent clean-up procedure (silica gel chromatography and elution with hexane and dichloromethane) resulted in two fractions, a lipophilic hexane-fraction and a semi-lipophilic dichloromethane-fraction. For the genotoxicity and mutagenicity tests, these fractions were reunited at equal ratios.

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

    The acute cytotoxicity test with RTL-W1 cells revealed a high cytotoxic potential for the semi-lipophilic DM-fractions of all sludge samples with NR50 values (= effective concentration for 50% cell death in the neutral red test) from 8.9 up to 20 mg sludge d.w./ml medium. A low cytotoxic potential for the hexane fractions of the untreated sludge samples (NR50 400 to > 400 mg sludge d.w./ml medium) was observed, whereas the hexane fractions of the treated sludge samples showed elevated cytotoxicity increasing further with treatment in the bioreactors. The comet assay indicated that three out of eight of the reunited fractions had a significant genotoxic potential. Whereas the genotoxic potential of one sample treated anaerobically was very high with an induction factor of 11.6, a similar sample (taken from the same anaerobic reactor four months later) and one untreated sample showed lower potentials. The samples treated in another anaerobic bioreactor as well as the samples treated aerobically showed no genotoxic potential. Results indicate that aerobic treatment was basically adequate for reducing the genotoxicity of the sludge, whereas anaerobic treatment was only partly useful for reduction of genotoxicity. The Ames test revealed a very high mutagenic potential for the reunited fractions of the untreated sludge samples with strain TA98 (maximum induction factors (IFmax) up to 45) and a relatively high potential for one of the samples treated aerobically (S2, IFmax = 18 (TA98, S9-)), thus documenting the suitability of both anaerobic and aerobic treatments to reduce the mutagenicity of the samples, however, with the aerobic treatment being less effective.

    CONCLUSIONS:

    Overall, none of the microbiological treatments for wastewater sludge in bioreactors was found to be ideal for general toxicity reduction of the sludge samples. Whereas cytotoxicity of the sludge increased or levelled off in most cases following either treatment, genotoxicity both increased or decreased after anaerobic treatment, depending on the specific sample. However, mutagenicity could generally be reduced by anaerobic treatment and, to a lesser degree, by aerobic treatment.

    RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES:

    The complex modification of the diverse damage potentials of sludge sample extracts by use of an in vitro biotest battery following treatment for toxicity reduction in bioreactors showed that considerations of different toxicological endpoints is essential for an adequate hazard assessment. Whereas in the case of cytotoxicity reduction, the reactors proved ineffective, mutagenicity could be reduced significantly at least in some cases in this case study.

  • 56.
    Kärrman, Anna
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Schönlau, Christine
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Exposure and effects of microplastics on wildlife: A review of existing data2016Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Fulltekst (pdf)
    Exposure and effects of microplastics
  • 57.
    Lam, Monika M.
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Bülow, Rebecca
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Giesy, John P.
    Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
    Larsson, Maria
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Methylated PACs Are More Potent than Their Parent Compounds: A Study on AhR-mediated Activity, Degradability and Mixture Interactions in the H4IIE-luc Assay2018Inngår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, ISSN 0730-7268, E-ISSN 1552-8618, Vol. 37, nr 5, s. 1409-1419Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Twenty-six polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs; including native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs], hydroxylated PAHs, alkylated and oxygenated PAHs, and [alkylated] heterocyclic compounds) were investigated for their aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated potencies in the H4IIE-luc bioassay. Potential degradabilities of PACs were investigated by use of various durations of exposure (24, 48, or 72 h), and various mixtures of PACs including PAHs, alkylated and oxygenated PAHs, and heterocyclic compounds were tested for their joint AhR-mediated potency. Additive behaviors of PACs in mixtures were studied by comparing observed mixture potencies with mixture potencies predicted by use of the concentration addition model. Methylated derivatives were more potent than their parent compounds in the H4IIE-luc assay. A time-dependent decrease in relative potency was observed for all AhR-active compounds, which may be indicative of in vitro biotransformation. Monomethylated compounds seemed to be more rapidly transformed than analogous unsubstituted compounds. In addition, the results showed that the predictive power of the concentration addition model increased with the number of compounds, suggesting additivity in multicomponent mixtures. Due to the greater potency of methylated derivatives and their ubiquitous occurrence, there is a need for further research on the toxicity and mixture behavior of these environmentally and toxicologically relevant compounds.

  • 58.
    Lam, Monika M.
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Bülow, Rebecca
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Giesy, John P.
    University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
    Larsson, Maria
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Methylated PACs are more potent than their parent compounds: a study on AhR-mediated activity, degradability and mixture interactions in the H4IIE-luc assayManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 59.
    Lam, Monika M.
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Denison, Michael S.
    University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
    Giesy, John P.
    University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
    Larsson, Maria
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Polyoxymethylene (POM) is a suitable tool for effect-based hazard assessment of PAC-contaminated soilManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 60.
    Lam, Monika M.
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Denison, Michael S
    Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis CA, USA.
    Larsson, Maria
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and/or their metabolites are important contributors to the overall estrogenic activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils2018Inngår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, ISSN 0730-7268, E-ISSN 1552-8618, Vol. 37, nr 2, s. 385-397Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In the present study 42 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) were investigated for their estrogenic potential using the VM7Luc4E2 transactivation assay. Relative potencies were determined for mass-balance analysis. In addition, compounds were tested in combination with the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist vertical bar C vertical bar 182,780 (vertical bar C vertical bar) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist/CYP1A1 inhibitor a-naphthoflavone. Luciferase induction and CYP1A1-dependent ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity were measured to assess whether the estrogenic activity was elicited by the compound itself and/or by its metabolites. Relative potencies ranged between 10(-7) and 10(-4). The ability of ICI to decrease luciferase activity stimulated by all compounds indicated that the induction responses were ER-dependent. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist/CYP1A1 inhibitor a-naphthoflavone decreased luciferase induction and EROD activity by several compounds, including the methylated chrysenes, suggesting that metabolites of these chemicals contributed to ER activation. Several PACs, such as acridine and its derivatives, appear to directly activate the ER. Furthermore, extracts of soils from industrial areas were examined using this bioassay, and estrogenic activity was detected in all soil samples. Mass-balance analysis using a combination of relative potencies and chemical analysis of the samples suggested that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkylated PAHs, such as 1-and 3-methylchrysene, are important contributors to the overall estrogenic activity. However, these results revealed that a considerable proportion of the estrogenic activity in the soil remained unexplained, indicating the presence of other significant estrogenic compounds.

  • 61.
    Larsson, Maria
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Giesy, John P.
    Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicological Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, USA; Department of Biology and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    AhR-mediated activities of polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) mixtures are predictable by the concept of concentration addition2014Inngår i: Environment International, ISSN 0160-4120, E-ISSN 1873-6750, Vol. 73, s. 94-103Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Risk assessments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are complicated because these compounds exist in the environment as complex mixtures of hundreds of individual PAHs and other related polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). In this study, the hypothesis that concentration addition (CA) can be used to predict the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activity of PACs in mixtures containing various combinations of PACs was tested. AhR-mediated activities of 18 mixtures composed of two to 23 PACs, which included PAHs, azaarenes and oxygenated PAHs, were examined by the use of the AhR-based H4IIE-luc bioassay. Since greater AhR-mediated activities have been observed in soils contaminated by PAHs, investigations were done to test whether soil extract matrix or the presence of non-effect PACs might affect responses of the H4IIE-luc bioassay. Our results showed that AhR-mediated activities of mixtures of PACs could be predicted by the use of concentration addition. Additive activities of PACs in multi component mixtures along with the insignificant effect of the soil matrix support the use of concentration addition in mass balance calculations and AhR-based bioassays in risk assessment of environmental samples. However, independent action (IA) could not be used to predict the activity of mixtures of PACs.

  • 62.
    Larsson, Maria
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Giesy, John P.
    Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicological Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; Department of Zoology, and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, USA Department of Biology & Chemistry and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Concentration-addition in risk assessment: prediction of potential AhR-mediated activity in multiple polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) mixturesManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Risk assessments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are complicated because these compounds exist in the environment as complex mixtures of hundreds of individual PAHs and other related polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). In this study, the hypothesis that concentration addition (CA) can be used to predict the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediated potency of PACs in mixtures containing various combinations of PACs. Effects of 18 mixtures composed of two to 23 PACs, which included PAHs, azaarenes and oxygenated PAHs, were examined by use of the AhR based H4IIE-luc bioassay. Since greater AhR-mediated activities have been observed in soils contaminated by PAH, investigations were done to test whether soil extract matrix or presence of noneffect PACs might affect responses of the H4IIE-luc bioassay. AhR-mediated activity of the mixture of PACs could be predicted by use of concentration addition. Additive behavior of PACs in multi component mixtures supported the hypothesis that use of concentration addition could be used in risk assessment of PAC- mixtures. However, independent action (IA) could not be used to predict the activity of mixtures of PACs. 

  • 63.
    Larsson, Maria
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Hagberg, Jessika
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Giesy, John P.
    Dept Vet Biomed Sci, Univ Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, Canada; Toxicol Ctr, Univ Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, Canada; Dept Zool, Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, USA; Ctr Integrat Toxicol, Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, USA; Dept Biol & Chem, City Univ Hong Kong, Kowloon, Peoples R China; State Key Lab Marine Pollut, City Univ Hong Kong, Kowloon, Peoples R China; Sch Biol Sci, Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China; Sch Environm, State Key Lab Pollut Control & Resource Reuse, Nanjing Univ, Nanjing, Peoples R China .
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Time-dependent relative potency factors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in the H4IIE-luc bioassay2014Inngår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, ISSN 0730-7268, E-ISSN 1552-8618, Vol. 33, nr 4, s. 943-953Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The H4IIE-luc transactivation bioassay for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists was used to investigate the relative potency factors (REPs) of 22 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated-, methylated-, and N-containing derivatives (azaarenes), which are often present in PAH-contaminated soils. Naphthacene and dibenz[ah]acridine exhibited greater AhR-mediated potency, whereas lesser molecular-weight azaarenes were less potent AhR agonists. Six oxygenated PAHs had calculable REPs, but their potencies were less than their parent PAHs. Unlike the parent, unsubstituted PAHs, oxidation of methylated PAHs seemed to increase the AhR-mediated potency of the compounds, with 2-methylanthracene-9,10-dione being almost 2 times more potent than 2-methylanthracene. Both bioassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis were used to examine the exposure time-dependent effects on the REPs at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of exposure in the H4IIE-luc transactivation bioassay. Changes in concentrations of 5 compounds including the model reference 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the cell culture wells were measured, and the amounts in the cell medium, in the cells, and adsorbed to the wells was determined and the influence on the REPs was studied. Declining REP values with increased duration of exposure were shown for all compounds, which we concluded were a consequence of the metabolism of PAHs and PAH derivatives in H4IIe-luc cells. The present study provides new knowledge regarding the degradation and distribution of compounds in the wells during exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:943-953. (c) 2014 SETAC

  • 64.
    Larsson, Maria
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Hagberg, Jessika
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Giesy, John P
    Department of Biology & Chemistry and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution & School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University,China.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Time-dependent relative potency factors (REPS) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in the h4iie-lucManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    The H4IIE-luc transactivation bioassay for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists was used to investigate relative potency factors (REPs) of 22 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated-, methylated- and N-containing derivatives (azaarenes), which are often present in PAH-contaminated soils. Naphthacene and dibenz[ah]acridine exhibited greater AhRmediated potency, whereas lesser-molecular azaarenes were less potent AhR agonists. Six oxy-PAHs had calculable Relative potencies (REPs), but their potencies were less than their parent PAHs. Unlike the parent, unsubstituted PAHs, oxidation of methylated PAHs seemed to increase the AhR-mediated potency of the compounds, with methylanthracene-9,10-dione being almost two times more potent than methylanthracene. Both bioassay and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis were used to examine the exposure time dependent effects on the REPs at 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure in the H4IIE-luc transactivation bioassay. Changes in concentrations of five compounds including the model reference 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the cell culture wells were measured, and the amounts in the cell medium, the cells and adsorbed to the wells determined and the influence on the REPs was studied. Declining REP values with increased duration of exposure were shown for all compounds and proved to be a consequence of the metabolism of PAHs and PAH derivatives in H4IIe-luc cells. The present study provides new knowledge regarding the degradation and distribution of compounds in the wells during exposure.

  • 65.
    Larsson, Maria
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Hagberg, Jessika
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Rotander, Anna
    van Bavel, Bert
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Chemical and bioanalytical characterisation of PAHs in risk assessment of remediated PAH-contaminated soilsManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common contaminants in soil at former industrial areas; and in Sweden, some of the most contaminated sites are being remediated. Generic guideline values for soil use after so-called successful remediation actions of PAHcontaminated soil are based on the 16 EPA priority pollutants, which only constitute a small part of the complex cocktail of toxicants in many contaminated soils. The aim of the study was to elucidate if the actual toxicological risks of soil samples from successful remediation projects could be reflected by chemical determination of these PAHs. We compared chemical analysis (GC-MS) and bioassay analysis (H4IIE-luc) of a number of remediated PAH-contaminated soils. The H4IIE-luc bioassay is an aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor-based assay that detects compounds that activate the Ah receptor, one important mechanism for PAH toxicity. Comparison of the results showed that the bioassay-determined toxicity in the remediated soil samples could only be explained to a minor extent by the concentrations of the 16 priority PAHs. The current risk assessment method for PAH-contaminated soil in use in Sweden along with other countries, based on chemical analysis of selected PAHs, is missing toxicologically relevant PAHs and other similar substances. It is therefore reasonable to include bioassays in risk assessment and in the classification of remediated PAH-contaminated soils. This could minimise environmental and human health risks and enable greater safety in subsequent reuse of remediated soils. 

  • 66.
    Larsson, Maria
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Hagberg, Jessika
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Rotander, Anna
    Örebro universitet, Akademin för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    van Bavel, Bert
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Chemical and bioanalytical characterisation of PAHs in risk assessment of remediated PAH-contaminated soils2013Inngår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499, Vol. 20, nr 12, s. 8511-8520Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common contaminants in soil at former industrial areas; and in Sweden, some of the most contaminated sites are being remediated. Generic guideline values for soil use after so-called successful remediation actions of PAH-contaminated soil are based on the 16 EPA priority pollutants, which only constitute a small part of the complex cocktail of toxicants in many contaminated soils. The aim of the study was to elucidate if the actual toxicological risks of soil samples from successful remediation projects could be reflected by chemical determination of these PAHs. We compared chemical analysis (GC-MS) and bioassay analysis (H4IIE-luc) of a number of remediated PAH-contaminated soils. The H4IIE-luc bioassay is an aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor-based assay that detects compounds that activate the Ah receptor, one important mechanism for PAH toxicity. Comparison of the results showed that the bioassay-determined toxicity in the remediated soil samples could only be explained to a minor extent by the concentrations of the 16 priority PAHs. The current risk assessment method for PAH-contaminated soil in use in Sweden along with other countries, based on chemical analysis of selected PAHs, is missing toxicologically relevant PAHs and other similar substances. It is therefore reasonable to include bioassays in risk assessment and in the classification of remediated PAH-contaminated soils. This could minimise environmental and human health risks and enable greater safety in subsequent reuse of remediated soils.

  • 67.
    Larsson, Maria
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Lam, Monika M.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    van Hees, Patrick
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik. Eurofins Environment Testing Sweden AB, Lidköping, Sweden.
    Giesy, John P.
    University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Occurrence and leachability of polycyclic aromatic compounds in contaminated soils: Chemical and bioanalytical characterization2018Inngår i: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 622-623, s. 1476-1484Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    An important concern regarding sites contaminated with polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) is the risk of groundwater contamination by release of the compounds from soils. The goal of this study was to investigate the occurrence and leachability of 77 PACs including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic aromatic compounds (NSO-PACs) among total aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists in soils from historical contaminated sites. A novel approach combining chemical and bioanalytical methods in combination with characterization of leachability by use of a column leaching test was used. Similar profiles of relative concentrations of PACs were observed in all soils, with parent PAHs accounting for 71 to 90% of total concentrations in soils. Contribution of oxy-PAHs, alkyl-PAHs and N-PACs ranged from 2 to 9%, 3 to 9% and 1 to 14%, respectively. Although the contributions of groups of PACs were small, some compounds were found in similar or greater concentrations than parent PAHs. Leachable fractions of 77 PACs from soils were small and ranged from 0.002 to 0.54%. Polar PACs were shown to be more leachable than parent PAHs. The contribution of analyzed PACS to overall AhR-mediated activities in soils and leachates suggests presence of other AhR agonists in soils, and a potential risk. Only a small fraction of AhR agonists was available in soils, indicating an overestimation of the risk if only total initial concentrations in soils would be considered in risk assessment. The results of the study strongly support that focus on 16US EPA PAHs may result in inadequate assessment of risk and hazard of PACs in complex environmental samples.

  • 68.
    Larsson, Maria
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Orbe, Dan
    MTM Research Centre, Sweden.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Ah receptor activating capacity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives2012Inngår i: Toxicology Letters, ISSN 0378-4274, E-ISSN 1879-3169, Vol. 211, nr Supplement, s. s127-, artikkel-id P16-18Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 69.
    Larsson, Maria
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Orbe, Dan
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Exposure time-dependent effects on the relative potencies and additivity of PAHs in the Ah receptor-based H4IIE-luc bioassay2012Inngår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, ISSN 0730-7268, E-ISSN 1552-8618, Vol. 31, nr 5, s. 1149-1157Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In the present study, relative potency factors (REPs) of 16 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated using the H4IIE-luc bioassay. Exposure time-dependent effects on the REPs were examined using 24, 48, and 72?h of exposure. Seven different mixtures of PAHs were tested for additivity at an exposure time of 24?h. Three of the PAH mixtures were also studied at 48 and 72?h of exposure. The mixture toxicities were predicted using the REP concept and the concentration addition (CA) model. Relative potency factor values investigated in the present study were similar to those reported in earlier studies. Declining REPs with an increasing exposure time were shown for all PAHs, indicating that this bioassay approach could be developed to assess the persistency of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonistic PAHs and in the risk assessment of complex PAH mixtures. The results from the mixture studies indicated that additive interactions of PAHs are time dependent. Generally, 48- and 72-h exposures resulted in biological effects that were similar to the CA and REP model predictions, while these models tended to underestimate the effect, to some extent, in the 24-h exposure, at least for the mixtures containing two to four PAHs. Thus, it cannot be ruled out that in the 24-h exposures, the tested PAH mixtures had slight synergistic effects. Further research is needed to identify and test additional AhR activating PAHs and investigate whether the effects in the H4IIE-luc bioassay are additive for more complex samples containing both PAHs and other AhR-activating contaminants. Also, the observed superinduction of luciferase by PAH-mixes warrants studies of whether this also can occur for relevant AhR-mediated endpoints in vivo. 

  • 70.
    Legradi, J. B.
    et al.
    Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt–Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Environment and Health, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
    Di Paolo, C.
    Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt–Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
    Kraak, M. H. S.
    FAME-Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
    van der Geest, H. G.
    FAME-Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
    Schymanski, E. L.
    Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
    Williams, A. J.
    National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park NC, United States.
    Dingemans, M. M. L.
    KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, Netherlands.
    Massei, R.
    Department Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
    Brack, W.
    Department Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
    Cousin, X.
    Ifremer, UMR MARBEC, Laboratoire Adaptation et Adaptabilités des Animaux et des Systèmes, Palavas-les-Flots, France; INRA, UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
    Begout, M. -L
    Ifremer, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, L’Houmeau, France.
    van der Oost, R.
    Department of Technology, Research and Engineering, Waternet Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
    Carion, A.
    Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
    Suarez-Ulloa, V.
    Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
    Silvestre, F.
    Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
    Escher, B. I.
    Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geosciences, Tübingen, Germany.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Nilén, Greta
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Keiter, Steffen
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Pollet, D.
    Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
    Waldmann, P.
    Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
    Kienle, C.
    Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
    Werner, I.
    Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
    Haigis, A. -C
    Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt–Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
    Knapen, D.
    Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
    Vergauwen, L.
    Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
    Spehr, M.
    Institute for Biology II, Department of Chemosensation, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
    Schulz, W.
    Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Langenau, Germany.
    Busch, W.
    Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
    Leuthold, D.
    Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
    Scholz, S.
    Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
    vom Berg, C. M.
    Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
    Basu, N.
    Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
    Murphy, C. A.
    Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.
    Lampert, A.
    Institute of Physiology (Neurophysiology), Aachen, Germany.
    Kuckelkorn, J.
    Section Toxicology of Drinking Water and Swimming Pool Water, Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Bad Elster, Germany.
    Grummt, T.
    Section Toxicology of Drinking Water and Swimming Pool Water, Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Bad Elster, Germany.
    Hollert, H.
    Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt–Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
    An ecotoxicological view on neurotoxicity assessment2018Inngår i: Environmental Sciences Europe, ISSN 2190-4707, E-ISSN 2190-4715, Vol. 30, artikkel-id 46Artikkel, forskningsoversikt (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The numbers of potential neurotoxicants in the environment are raising and pose a great risk for humans and the environment. Currently neurotoxicity assessment is mostly performed to predict and prevent harm to human populations. Despite all the efforts invested in the last years in developing novel in vitro or in silico test systems, in vivo tests with rodents are still the only accepted test for neurotoxicity risk assessment in Europe. Despite an increasing number of reports of species showing altered behaviour, neurotoxicity assessment for species in the environment is not required and therefore mostly not performed. Considering the increasing numbers of environmental contaminants with potential neurotoxic potential, eco-neurotoxicity should be also considered in risk assessment. In order to do so novel test systems are needed that can cope with species differences within ecosystems. In the field, online-biomonitoring systems using behavioural information could be used to detect neurotoxic effects and effect-directed analyses could be applied to identify the neurotoxicants causing the effect. Additionally, toxic pressure calculations in combination with mixture modelling could use environmental chemical monitoring data to predict adverse effects and prioritize pollutants for laboratory testing. Cheminformatics based on computational toxicological data from in vitro and in vivo studies could help to identify potential neurotoxicants. An array of in vitro assays covering different modes of action could be applied to screen compounds for neurotoxicity. The selection of in vitro assays could be guided by AOPs relevant for eco-neurotoxicity. In order to be able to perform risk assessment for eco-neurotoxicity, methods need to focus on the most sensitive species in an ecosystem. A test battery using species from different trophic levels might be the best approach. To implement eco-neurotoxicity assessment into European risk assessment, cheminformatics and in vitro screening tests could be used as first approach to identify eco-neurotoxic pollutants. In a second step, a small species test battery could be applied to assess the risks of ecosystems.

  • 71.
    Nilén, Greta
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Obamwonyi, Osagie S.
    School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany.
    Liem-Nguyen, Van
    School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Larsson, Maria
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Keiter, Steffen
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Observed and predicted embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of organic and inorganic environmental pollutants and their mixtures in zebrafish (Danio rerio)2022Inngår i: Aquatic Toxicology, ISSN 0166-445X, E-ISSN 1879-1514, Vol. 248, artikkel-id 106175Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Risk assessment of chemicals is still primarily focusing on single compound evaluation, even if environmental contamination consists of a mixture of pollutants. The concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models have been developed to predict mixture toxicity. Both models assume no interaction between the components, resulting in an additive mixture effect. In the present study, the embryo toxicity test (OECD TG no. 236) with zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) was performed to investigate whether the toxicity caused by binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures of organic (Benzo[a]pyrene, perfluorooctanesulfonate, and 3,3´,4,4´,5-pentachlorobiphenyl 126) and inorganic (arsenate) pollutants can be predicted by CA and IA. The acute toxicity and sub-lethal alterations such as lack of blood circulation were investigated. The models estimated the mixture toxicity well and most of the mixtures were additive. However, the binary mixture of PFOS and PCB126 caused a synergistic effect, with almost a ten-fold difference between the observed and predicted LC50-value. For most of the mixtures, the CA model was better in predicting the mixture toxicity than the IA model, which was not expected due to the chemicals' different modes of action. In addition, some of the mixtures caused sub-lethal effects not observed in the single compound toxicity tests. The mixture of PFOS and BaP caused a division of the yolk and imbalance was caused by the combination of PFOS and As and the ternary mixture of PFOS, As, and BaP. Interestingly, PFOS was part of all three mixtures causing the mixture specific sub-lethal effects. In conclusion, the present study shows that CA and IA are mostly resulting in good estimations of the risks that mixtures with few components are posing. However, for a more reliable assessment and a better understanding of mixture toxicity, further investigations are required to study the underlying mechanisms.

  • 72.
    Nordén, Marcus
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Berger, Urs
    Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Sweden.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Developmental toxicity of PFBS and PFUnDA in great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis),herring gull (Larus argentatus) and chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)Manuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) are found in a wide range of biological matrixes due to their persistent nature and widespread and longtime use. Among the most commonly found in wildlife are perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA). PFOS and its precursors have been replaced by shorter chained compounds such as perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS). PFOS and perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA) are generally the most studied and studies on wild species of birds are scarce. In this study chicken, great cormorant and herring gull eggs were exposed to solutions of PFBS and PFUnDA. The eggs were incubated and candled to monitor embryo survival. PFBS significantly reduced survival in all species at 17.3 μg/g anion dose. Chicken LD50 was calculated to 29 μg/g. The cormorant was less sensitive. PFUnDA did not affect embryo survival in any of the species but did increase liver somatic index and decrease heart somatic index in chicken. Chemical analysis confirmed that the liver absorption of the chemicals correlated to the injected dose. Chicken was found to accumulate more of the PFAAs in the liver than the wild species. Comparing observed effects and environmental levels, PFBS and PFUnDA are of minor environmental concern compared to PFOS. However, due to their persistent nature and the possibility of cumulative effects of several PFAAs, continued monitoring and moretoxicological studies are needed.

  • 73.
    Nordén, Marcus
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Berger, Urs
    Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Sweden.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Developmental toxicity of PFOS and PFOA in great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis), herring gull (Larus argentatus) and chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)Manuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are found globally in environmental samples and have been studied in various species. In this study we compare the sensitivity of three avian species to the toxic effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). Eggs of great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) and herring gull (Larus argentatus) and the domestic White Leghorn chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) were exposed in ovo by injection into the air sac. Effects on embryo survival were observed following exposure to PFOS and PFOA in chicken and herring gull. Chicken was found to be the most sensitive species with 50% reduced embryo survival at 8.5 μg/g egg for PFOS and 2.5 μg/g egg for PFOA. Cormorant was shown to be the least sensitive species. The difference in sensitivity between chicken and herring gull was a factor of 2.7 for PFOS and 3.5 for PFOA. Between chicken and great cormorant the sensitivity difference was 2.6 for PFOS and 8.2 for PFOA. Effects on embryo survival were seen at egg injection doses of PFOS close to levels found in environmental samples from wild birds, indicating that PFOS could be having effects in highly exposed populations of birds. This study also shows that there are differences in species sensitivity to PFOS and PFOA that should be taken into consideration in avian wildlife risk assessment.

  • 74.
    Nordén, Marcus
    et al.
    School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Berger, Urs
    Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm university, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Developmental toxicity of PFOS and PFOA in great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis), herring gull (Larus argentatus) and chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)2016Inngår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499, Vol. 23, nr 11, s. 10855-10862Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are found globally in environmental samples and have been studied in various species. In this study, we compare the sensitivity of three avian species to the toxic effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). Eggs of great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis), herring gull (Larus argentatus) and the domestic White Leghorn chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) were exposed in ovo by injection into the air sac. Effects on embryo survival were observed following exposure to PFOS and PFOA in chicken and herring gull. Chicken was found to be the most sensitive species with 50 % reduced embryo survival at 8.5 μg/g egg for PFOS and 2.5 μg/g egg for PFOA. Cormorant was shown to be the least sensitive species. The difference in sensitivity between chicken and herring gull was a factor of 2.7 for PFOS and 3.5 for PFOA. Between chicken and great cormorant, the sensitivity difference was 2.6 for PFOS and 8.2 for PFOA. Effects on embryo survival were seen at egg injection doses of PFOS close to levels found in environmental samples from wild birds, indicating that PFOS could be having effects in highly exposed populations of birds. This study also shows that there are differences in species sensitivity to PFOS and PFOA that should be taken into consideration in avian wildlife risk assessment.

  • 75.
    Nordén, Marcus
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Berger, Urs
    Stockholms universitet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    High levels of perfluoroalkyl acids in eggs and embryo livers of great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) and herring gull (Larus argentatus) from Lake Vanern, Sweden2013Inngår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499, ISSN 1614-7499, Vol. 20, nr 11, s. 8021-8030Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

     In the eggs and developing chick livers in the two wild bird species, great cormorant and herring gull, the concentrations of a range of 15 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were determined. Eggs of the two species were collected from Lake Vanern, Sweden, and analysed either as undeveloped egg (whole egg or separated into yolk and albumen) or incubated until start of the hatching process when the chick liver was removed and analysed. High levels of PFAAs were found in all matrixes except albumen. The predominant PFAA was perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), which was found in the mug/g wet weight (ww) range in some samples of cormorant whole egg, yolk and liver and herring gull egg yolk and liver. The average concentration in yolk was 1,506 ng/g ww in cormorant and 589 ng/g ww in herring gull. The average liver concentrations of PFOS were 583 ng/g ww in cormorant and 508 ng/g ww in herring gull. At these concentrations, biochemical effects in the developing embryo or effects on embryo survival cannot be ruled out. For perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), the liver/egg and liver/yolk concentration ratios increased with PFCA chain length in cormorant but not in herring gull, indicating that chain length could possibly affect egg-to-liver transfer of PFCAs and that species differences may exist.

  • 76.
    Nordén, Marcus
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Akademin för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Halldin, Krister
    Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Akademin för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Gene expression analysis of chicken during development subsequent to PFOS and PFOA exposure2010Inngår i: In Vivo, ISSN 0258-851X, E-ISSN 1791-7549, Vol. 24, nr 3, s. 358-358Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Perfluorinated compounds have been manufactured for over50 years and have a wide range of applications due to theirsurfactant properties. They have been used as fabricprotectors to repel water and dirt, fire-fighting foams, nonstickcoatings, insecticides and all weather clothing. PFCsare widespread in the environment and are found globally inwildlife. Among the most abundant are perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Thelevels in common guillemot eggs from the Baltic Sea areamong the highest found in the Scandinavian environment.Previous studies show effects on embryo survival of chickenat levels close to levels found in the Baltic guillemot. Toinvestigate the possible mechanisms of action, microarraygene expression analysis was conducted. Chicken eggs wereincubated at 37.5 degrees and 60% relative humidity. PFOSor PFOA was administered to eggs on day 4 of incubationby injection into the air cell of the egg. 1 μl injectionsolution per gram egg was used. The injection solutionscontained PFOS or PFOA dissolved at differentconcentrations in sterile water with 5% or 2.5% dimethylsulfoxide respectively. The doses were 10 and 3 mg/kg forPFOS and 1.6 and 0.5 mg/kg for PFOA. The vehiclesolutions were used as control treatment. At day 19 theembryos were sacrificed and the liver was extracted. Four livers per dose and each vehicle control were used. RNA wasextracted from the livers using Qiagen RNeasy Mini Kit.cDNA was synthesized from mRNA and used for microarrayanalysis on Agilent two-color chicken microarrays.

  • 77.
    Nordén, Marcus
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Westman, Ola
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Venizelos, Nikolaos
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Perfluorooctane sulfonate increases β-oxidation of palmitic acid in chicken liver2012Inngår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499, Vol. 19, nr 5, s. 1859-1863Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) belongs to a group of chemicals called perfluoroalkyl acids that have been extensively used in various applications such as stain and oil resistant treatments for fabrics, fire-fighting foams, and insecticides. These chemicals present an environmental and health risk being present in many samples both in wildlife and humans. In this study, we investigate the effect of PFOS on fatty acid β-oxidation in developing chicken embryos.

    Methods: Fertilized chicken eggs were exposed in ovo to PFOS at day 4 of incubation. On day 10, the eggs were dissected and livers were incubated in vitro with (3)H-palmitic acid for 2 h. The media were collected, and after clean up, the amount of tritiated water was measured with liquid scintillation counting to determine the rate of palmitic acid β-oxidation.

    Results: PFOS was found to induce fatty acid β-oxidation at doses starting from a lowest observed effect level (LOEL) of 0.1 μg/g egg weight. Maximum induction of 77 % compared to control was seen at 0.3 μg/g.

    Conclusions: The administered doses in which effects are seen are around and even lower than the levels that can be found in wild populations of birds. General population human levels are a factor of two to three times lower than the LOEL value of this study. The environmental contamination of PFOS therefore presents a possibility of effects in wild populations of birds.

  • 78.
    Olsman, Helena
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Hagberg, Jessika
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Kalbin, Georgi
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Julander, Anneli
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    van Bavel, Bert
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Strid, Åke
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Tysklind, Mats
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Ah receptor agonists in UV-exposed toluene solutions of decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) and in soils contaminated with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)2006Inngår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499, Vol. 13, nr 3, s. 161-169Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: The use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as flame retardants increases the risk for emissions of other brominated compounds, such as polybrominated dibenzodioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs). The large homology in structure of PBDD/Fs and mechanism of toxic action, i.e. the capacity to activate the Ah receptor (AhR) pathway, compared to their well-studied chlorinated analogues, justifies a raised concern to study the environmental levels and fate of these compounds. Decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) is the most widely used PBDE today. Studies on photolytic debromination of decaBDE in organic solvents have shown debromination of decaBDE, as well as formation of PBDFs. However, little is known about the transformation mechanisms and there are only scarce data on photoproducts and PBDE transformation in environmentally relevant matrices. In this study, mechanism-specific dioxin bioassays were used to study photolytic formation of AhR agonists in toluene solutions of decaBDE. In addition, the influence of irradiation time and UV-light wavelength on the formation was studied. PBDE congener patterns and presence of PBDD/Fs were analysed. Further, AhR agonists were analysed in agricultural soils contaminated with PBDEs. Soils were also exposed to UV-light to study changes in AhR agonist levels. METHODS: Toluene solutions of decaBDE were irradiated using three different spectra of UV-light, simulating UV-A (320-400 nm), UV-AB (280-400 nm), and UV-ABC (250-400 nm). Additionally, decaBDE solutions were exposed to narrow wavelength intervals (10 nm bandwidth) with the central wavelengths 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360 nm. AhR agonists in decaBDE solutions were analysed with two different bioassays, the chick embryo liver-cell assay for dioxins (Celcad) and the dioxin responsive, chemically activated luciferase expression assay (DR-Calux). Also, the decaBDE solutions were analysed with LRGC-LRMS to obtain PBDE congener patterns for breakdown of decaBDE, and with HRGC-HRMS, for presence of PBDD/Fs. Four soils were exposed to UV-AB light, under both dry and moist conditions. Levels of AhR agonists in soil extract fractions, before and after UV-exposure, were analysed with the DR-Calux. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Significant levels of photoproducts able to activate the AhR pathway, up to 31 ng bio-TEQ/ml, were formed in UV-exposed decaBDE solutions. The transformation yield of decaBDE into AhR agonists was estimated to be at the 0.1%-level, on a molar basis. The net formation was highly dependent on wavelength, with the sample irradiated at 330 nm showing the highest level of dioxin-like activity. No activity was detected in controls. PBDE analysis confirmed decaBDE degradation and a clear time-dependent pattern for debromination of PBDE congeners. AhR agonist effect in the recalcitrant fractions of the soils corresponded to the levels of chemically derived TEQs, based only on chlorinated dioxin-like compounds in an earlier study. It was concluded that no significant levels of other AhR agonists, e.g. PBDFs, were accumulated in the soil. UV-light caused changes in AhR-mediated activity in the more polar and less persistent fractions of the soils, but it is not known which compounds are responsible for this. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The laboratory experiments in this study show that high levels of AhR agonists can be formed as photoproducts of decaBDE and it is important to elucidate if and under which conditions this might occur in nature. However, soil analysis indicates that photoproducts of PBDE do not contribute to the accumulated levels of persistent dioxin-like compounds in agricultural soil. Still, more data is needed to fully estimate the environmental importance of PBDE photolysis and occurrence of its photoproducts in other environmental compartments. Analysis with dioxin bioassays enabled us to gather information about photoproducts formed from decaBDE even though the exact identities of these compounds were not known. CONCLUSION: Bioassays are valuable for studying environmental transformation processes like this, where chemical analysis and subsequent toxicological evaluation requires available standard compounds and information on toxicological potency. The use of bioassays allows a rapid evaluation of toxicological relevance.

  • 79.
    Olsman, Helena
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Hollert, Henner
    Kammann, Ulrike
    Klempt, Martin
    Otte, Jens
    van Bavel, Bert
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Differences in Ah receptor mediated response for eighteen polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in cell lines from four different speciesManuskript (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 80.
    Olsman, Helena
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Schnurer, Anna
    Bjornfoth, Helen
    van Bavel, Bert
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Fractionation and determination of Ah receptor (AhR) agonists in organic waste after anaerobic biodegradation and in batch experiments with PCB and decaBDE2007Inngår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499, Vol. 14, nr 1, s. 36-43Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Goals, Scope and Background. Anaerobic digestion of organic household waste can lead to an increase in dioxin-like content, as determined by dioxin-specific bioassays. This may be a result of bioactivation of Ah receptor (AhR) agonists into more potent congeners. Work towards identifying the contributing compound groups is important in order to understand the mechanisms and to assess the relevance behind this increase in dioxin-like toxicity, since the residue can be used as a soil fertilising agent. The aim with the present work was to identify compound groups with AhR agonistic properties that caused the previously reported increase in dioxin-like activity after anaerobic biodegradation Methods. Firstly, chemical fractionation combined with dioxin bioassay testing was used to find bioactive classes of compounds. Secondly, batch digestion experiments with an externally added polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture (Clophen A50) and with decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE), respectively, were studied as a possible process for transformation of precursors into more potent, dioxin-like compounds. Mesophilic (37 degrees C) and thermophilic (55 degrees C) anaerobic digestion were studied. Two different dioxin-specific bioassays were used to analyse AhR agonists in the biodegraded material, the CELCAD and the DR-CALUX. Results and Discussion. AhR agonist activity was detected in both di- and polyaromatic fractions of digestate extracts, which indicated that a diverse mixture of compounds contributed to the bioassay responses. No quantifiable activities were induced by the monoaromatic fractions. Further fractionation based on planarity revealed higher concentrations of AhR agonists than what was detected after the first fractionation, probably due to non-additive biological interactions of compounds in the extract that were removed in the second fractionation. These results showed significant activity in the non-planar diaromatic fractions and in the coplanar fractions of both diaromates and polyaromates. In the batch experiment with externally added PCB, an increase in dioxin-like activity was seen after 21 days of digestion at mesophilic conditions. After completed digestion, the content of AhR agonists was equal to the start concentration. PCB analysis with GC-MS indicated that dehalogenation of PCBs occurred in the digestors. The batch experiment with decaBDE showed no significant changes in TEQ-concentrations over time. Conclusions. The results show that the previously reported increase of AhR agonists during mesophilic anaerobic digestion is probably due to an accumulation of several different groups of AhR agonists, both diaromatic and polyaromatic, and both coplanar and non-planar. Batch experiments with externally added PCBs and decaBDE, respectively, did not result in any accumulation of AhR agonist activity after completed digestion, even though chemical analysis indicate a dechlorination of PCBs. Complex, unfractionated extracts were difficult to test using the bioassay approach. Removal of AhR antagonists or otherwise interacting compounds during fractionation may yield bio-TEQ values that are much higher than in the original extract. Recommendations and Perspectives. Our results indicate that the environmental risk that AhR agonists may pose concerning largescale anaerobic digestion of organic household waste probably depends on the efficiency of the digester and the sludge residence time. in order to obtain reliable results with the bioassays, an extensive cleanup and fractionation procedure is necessary. Without clean up and fractionation, there is a risk for false negatives and misleading conclusions. DR-CALUX and CELCAD were both suitable for these kinds of studies, provided that suitable fractionation methods are used.

  • 81.
    Olsman, Helena
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Schnürer, Anna
    Björnfoth, Helén
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    van Bavel, Bert
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Fractionation and determination of Ah receptor (AhR) agonists in organic waste after anaerobic biodegradation and in batch experiments with PCB and decaBDEManuskript (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 82.
    Olsman, Helena
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    van Bavel, Bert
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Björnfoth, Helén
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Hardell, Lennart
    Lindström, Gunilla
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    CALUX-TEQs, PCDD/F and PCB in SFE-extracts of human adipose tissue from breast cancer patientsManuskript (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 83.
    Olsman, Helena
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    van Bavel, Bert
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Kalbin, Georgi
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Pettersson, Anneli
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Stenlund, Sara
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Strid, Åke
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Formation of dioxin-like compounds as photoproducts of decarbominated diphenyl ether (deBDE) during UV-irradiation2002Inngår i: Organohalogen Compounds, ISSN 1026-4892, Vol. 58, s. 41-44Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 84.
    Olsman [Takner], Helena
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Kammann, Ulrike
    Klempt, Martin
    Otte, Jens
    van Bavel, Bert
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Hollert, Henner
    Relative differences in aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated response for 18 polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in cell lines from four different species2007Inngår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, ISSN 0730-7268, E-ISSN 1552-8618, Vol. 26, nr 11, s. 2448-2454Artikkel i tidsskrift (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    As a consequence of ubiquitous use of brominated organic chemicals, there is a concern for persistent or increasing environmental levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and mixed polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PXDD/Fs). Hence, there is a need to broaden the toxicological and environmental knowledge about these compounds, as a basis for risk assessment. In the study presented here, the relative potencies (REPs) for 18 PBDD/F and PXDD/ F congeners were determined in four dioxin-specific bioassays from different species: dioxin receptor chemically activated luciferase expression assay (DR-CALUX, rat hepatoma cells), TV101L (human hepatoma cells), and GPC.2D (guinea pig adenoma cells), as well as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction in the fish cell line RTL-W1 (rainbow trout liver cells). The bioassay specific REP factors presented here enable the assessment of the contribution from PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs to total 2,3,7,8-tetrachl orodibenzop-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents (TEQs: toxic equivalents), using bioassay analysis. The PBDD/Fs were found to be equally potent as their chlorinated analogues in the three mammalian assays, whereas the PXDD/Fs showed relatively higher potencies. Of special concern were the 2,3,7,8-substituted penta- and tetrahalogenated congeners, for which mean REPs were >= 1. The 2-B-1,3,7,8-CDD (2-bromo-1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) was up to three times more potent than TCDD in individual experiments (on weight basis). The RTL-W1 was less sensitive to the tested compounds with overall 10-fold lower REPs than the mammalian cell lines. Although the REP factors exhibited species-specific differences, overall resembling rank orders of dioxin-like potency were obtained.

  • 85. Otte, Jens C.
    et al.
    Andersson, Carin
    Abrahamson, Alexandra
    Olsman Takner, Helena
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Keiter, Steffen
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Hollert, Henner
    Brunström, Björn
    A bioassay approach to determine the dioxin-like activity in sediment extracts from the Danube River: ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction in gill filaments and liver of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.)2008Inngår i: Environment International, ISSN 0160-4120, E-ISSN 1873-6750, Vol. 34, nr 8, s. 1176-1184Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Sediment samples from the upper Danube River in Germany have previously been characterized as ecotoxicologically hazardous and contaminants in these sediments may contribute to the observed decline of fish populations in this river section. For the investigation of sediment toxicity there is a need for development, standardization and implementation of in vivo test systems using vertebrates. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to apply and evaluate a recently established fish gill EROD assay as a biomarker in sediment toxicity assessment by using extracts of well characterised sediment samples from the upper Danube River. This to our knowledge is the first application of this novel assay to sediment extracts. Sediments from four different sites along the upper Danube River were Soxhlet-extracted with acetone and dissolved in DMSO. Three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) were exposed for 48 h to various concentrations of the extracts, to the positive control β-naphthoflavone or to the solvent. Measurements of EROD activity in gill filaments and liver microsomes followed the exposure. Concentration-dependent induction of EROD in both gill and liver was found for all sediment extracts. The highest EROD-inducing potency was determined for extracts of sediments from the sites “Öpfinger See” and “Sigmaringen” and the EROD activities in gill and liver correlated well. The results from the gill and liver assays were in accordance with in vitro results of previous investigations. The EROD activities measured in the present study corresponded with the concentrations of PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the sediment samples derived in a previous study. The sticklebacks in this study were in the reproductive phase and a stronger EROD induction was obtained in the females than in the males. Implementation of the EROD assay in testing of sediment extracts gave highly reliable results which make this assay an ecotoxicologically relevant method for assessment of contamination with Ah receptor agonists in sediments.

  • 86.
    Pettersson, Anneli
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    van Bavel, Bert
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Jimenez, Begoña
    Polybrominated diphenylethers and methoxylated tetrabromodiphenylethers in cetaceans from the Mediterranean Sea2004Inngår i: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, ISSN 0090-4341, E-ISSN 1432-0703, Vol. 47, nr 4, s. 542-550Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Eight tetrabrominated to hexabrominated diphenylethers were present at ppb levels in liver from cetaceans found stranded on the beaches of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy. The highest concentration was found in striped dolphin (sum polybrominated diphenyl ethers [PBDE] 8133 ng/g l.w.) and the lowest concentration in bottlenose dolphin (sum PBDE 66 ng/g lipid weight [l.w.]). The predominant congener in all samples was 2,2',4,4'-tetraBDE (PBDE # 47) followed by, in decreasing order, the pentaPBDE # 99 and 100 and the hexaPBDE # 154 and 153. In 12 of the 14 analyzed samples, 3 different methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDE # 1, 2, and 3) were detected at semiquantitatively calculated concentration ranges of 2 to 14 ng/g l.w.; 5 to 167 ng/g l.w.; and 7 to 628 ng/g l.w., respectively. In addition, several unidentified bromine compounds were seen when screening the samples in negative-chemical ionization (NCI) mode monitoring m/z 79 and 81, which illustrates the importance of running both electron-impact ionization and NCI when analyzing environmental samples. Electron-impact ionization is more specific for monitoring the molecular ion compared with NCI, which might overestimate the concentration of certain PBDE congeners.

  • 87.
    Pettersson-Julander, Anneli
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    van Bavel, Bert
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap.
    Westberg, Håkan
    Personal air sampling and analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other bromine containing compounds at an electronic recycling facility in Sweden2004Inngår i: Journal of Environmental Monitoring, ISSN 1464-0325, E-ISSN 1464-0333, Vol. 6, nr 11, s. 874-880Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been used extensively and are considered ubiquitous contaminants. To evaluate exposure to brominated flame retardants within an electronic recycling facility personal air monitoring was done during a two year period. A total of 22 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 2 other bromine containing organic compounds have been analysed and evaluated in 17 personal air samples. The most abundant congeners of PBDE was #209 (<0.7-61 ng m(-3)), #183 (<0.1-32 ng m(-3)) indicating the use of the commercial octaBDE mixture, followed by PBDE #99 and #47 (<1.3-25 and <0.9-16 ng m(-3), respectively). The second most abundant peak in the chromatogram from all samples was identified as 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenyxy)ethane (BTBPE) in the concentration range <0.6-39 ng m(-3) (semi-quantitatively calculated against PBDE #191). A second bromine containing compound was also detected, structurally similar to decabromodiphenyl ethane (DeBDethane), however no definite identification could be made. The air samples were also evaluated on a work exposure category basis. The workers represented three different categories: dismantlers, other workers and unexposed. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05 with the Mann-Whitney test) among the dismantlers and the unexposed categories for PBDE congeners #47, #100, #99, #154; #153, #183, #209 and BTBPE. Another observation was that the air concentrations of PBDEs and BTBPE in the breathing zone were negatively correlated (p < 0.05) to the amount of recycled material ( in kg). The present work shows that the exposure to brominated flame retardants varied within the electronic facility and that further research is needed to evaluate how the exposure differs with different products being dismantled as well as how the bioavailability of the different BFRs to humans is related to particle exposure.

  • 88.
    Schönlau, C.
    et al.
    Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Karlsson, T. M.
    Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, Kristineberg Marine Research Station, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.
    Rotander, Anna
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Nilsson, H.
    Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    van Bavel, B.
    Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Kärrman, Anna
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Microplastics in sea-surface waters surrounding Sweden sampled by manta trawl and in-situ pump2020Inngår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin, ISSN 0025-326X, E-ISSN 1879-3363, Vol. 153, artikkel-id 111019Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Microplastics were sampled in open surface waters by using a manta trawl and an in-situ filtering pump. A total of 24 trawl samples and 11 pump samples were taken at 12 locations around Sweden. Overall, the concentration of microplastic particles was higher in pump samples compared to trawl samples. The median microplastic particle concentration was 0.04 particles per m−3 for manta trawl samples and 0.10 particles per m−3 in pump samples taken with a mesh size of 0.3 mm. The highest concentrations were recorded on the west coast of Sweden. Fibers were found in all samples and were also more frequent in the pump samples. Even higher concentrations of fibers and particles were found on the 0.05 mm pump filters. Using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging the majority of the particles were identified as polyethylene followed by polypropylene.

  • 89.
    Schönlau, Christine
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Holmes, Breanne
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Larsson, Maria
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Kärrman, Anna
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Screening for bioactivities in three types of microplastics deployed in Swedish aquatic environments using a battery of reporter gene assaysManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 90.
    Schönlau, Christine
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Karlsson, Therese
    Örebro University, MTM Research Centre, Örebro, Sweden; University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, Kristineberg Marine Research Station, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.
    Rotander, Anna
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Nilsson, Helena
    Örebro University, MTM Research Centre, Örebro, Sweden.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    van Bavel, Bert
    Örebro University, MTM Research Centre, Örebro, Sweden; Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NIVA, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Oslo, Norway.
    Kärrman, Anna
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik. MTM Research Centre.
    Microplastics in sea-surface waters surrounding Sweden sampled by manta trawl and in-situ pumpManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 91.
    Schönlau, Christine
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Larsson, Maria
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Dubocq, Florian
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Rotander, Anna
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Van der Zande, Rene
    Coral Reef Ecosystems Lab and Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD, Australia.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Kärrman, Anna
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Effect-Directed Analysis of Ah Receptor-Mediated Potencies in Microplastics Deployed in a Remote Tropical Marine Environment2019Inngår i: Frontiers in Environmental Science, E-ISSN 2296-665X, Vol. 7, artikkel-id 120Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    To facilitate the study of potential harmful compounds sorbed to microplastics, an effect-directed analysis using the DR CALUX® assay as screening tool for Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-active compounds in extracts of marine deployed microplastics and chemical analysis of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) was conducted. Pellets of three plastic polymers [low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS)] were deployed at Heron Island in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, for up to 8 months. Detected AhR-mediated potencies (bio-TEQs) of extracted plastic pellets ranged from 15 to 100 pg/g. Contributions of target HOCs to the overall bioactivities were negligible. To identify the major contributors, remaining plastic pellets were used for fractionation with a gas chromatography (GC) fractionation platform featuring parallel mass spectrometric (MS) detection. The bioassay analysis showed two bioactive fractions of each polymer with bio-TEQs ranging from 5.7 to 14 pg/g. High resolution MS was used in order to identify bioactive compounds in the fractions. No AhR agonists could be identified in fractions of HDPE or LDPE. Via a multivariate statistical approach the polystyrene (PS) trimer 1e- Phenyl-4e-(1- phenylethyl)-tetralin was identified in fractions of HIPS and in fractions of the blank polymer of HIPS.

  • 92.
    Schönlau, Christine
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Larsson, Maria
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Lam, Monika M.
    School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Giesy, John P.
    Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
    Rochman, Chelsea
    University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
    Kärrman, Anna
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated potencies in field-deployed plastics vary by type of polymer2019Inngår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499, Vol. 26, nr 9, s. 9097-9088Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Plastic is able to sorb environmental pollutants from ambient water and might act as a vector for these pollutants to marine organisms. The potential toxicological effects of plastic-sorbed pollutants in marine organisms have not been thoroughly assessed. In this study, organic extracts from four types of plastic deployed for 9 or 12 months in San Diego Bay, California, were examined for their potential to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway by use of the H4IIE-luc assay. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), including the 16 priority PAHs, were quantified. The AhR-mediated potency in the deployed plastic samples, calculated as bio-TEQ values, ranged from 2.7 pg/g in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to 277 pg/g in low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Concentrations of the sum of 24 PAHs in the deployed samples ranged from 4.6 to 1068 ng/g. By use of relative potency factors (REP), a potency balance between the biological effect (bio-TEQs) and the targeted PAHs (chem-TEQs) was calculated to 24-170%. The study reports, for the first time, in vitro AhR-mediated potencies for different deployed plastics, of which LDPE elicited the greatest concentration of bio-TEQs followed by polypropylene (PP), PET, and polyvinylchloride (PVC).

  • 93.
    Seiler, Thomas-Benyamine
    et al.
    RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
    Hollert, Henner
    RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Lost in translation?: Ways for environmental sciences to communicate about risk and research2013Inngår i: Environmental Sciences Europe, ISSN 2190-4707, E-ISSN 2190-4715, Vol. 25, artikkel-id 8Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This editorial is an introduction to a paper series on the communication of environmental sciences and risk,developed as an idea from a session at the 6th SETAC World Congress 2012.Environmental sciences are at the heart of what people affect in their daily lives: environmental quality, safe food,clean air, fresh water - and hence crucial for sound public health. Why aren't we in their daily minds? How shouldwe communicate to get there? Communication means to convey meaningful information to create sharedunderstanding. But only a minority of scientists have knowledge about the principles of science communicationand even less than these are certainly up-to-date with modern communication concepts. The paper series “Lost intranslation? Ways for environmental sciences to communicate about risk and research” collates views andperspectives on science and risk communication from different angles to initiate a broader discussion on thecommunication about research findings in environmental sciences.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 94.
    Titaley, Ivan A.
    et al.
    School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Delgado Trine, Lisandra Santiago
    Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
    Wang, Thanh
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Duberg, Daniel
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Davis, Eva L.
    Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Groundwater, Watershed and Ecosystems Restoration Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, OK, USA.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Massey Simonich, Staci L.
    Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
    Larsson, Maria
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Extensive chemical and bioassay analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds in a creosote-contaminated superfund soil following steam enhanced extraction2022Inngår i: Environmental Pollution, ISSN 0269-7491, E-ISSN 1873-6424, Vol. 312, artikkel-id 120014Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are organic compounds commonly found in contaminated soil. Previous studies have shown the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in creosote-contaminated soils during steam enhanced extraction (SEE). However, less is known about the removal of alkyl-PAHs and heterocyclic compounds, such as azaarenes, and oxygen- and sulfur-heterocyclic PACs (OPACs and PASHs, respectively). Further, the impact of SEE on the freely dissolved concentration of PACs in soil as well as the soil bioactivity pre- and post-SEE have yet to be addressed. To fulfil these research gaps, chemical and bioanalytical analysis of a creosote-contaminated soil, collected from a U.S. Superfund site, pre- and post-SEE were performed. The decrease of 64 PACs (5-100%) and increase in the concentrations of nine oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) (150%) during SEE, some of which are known to be toxic and can potentially contaminate ground water, were observed. The freely dissolved concentrations of PACs in soil were assed using polyoxymethylene (POM) strips and the concentrations of 66 PACs decreased post-SEE (1-100%). Three in vitro reporter gene bioassays (DR-CALUX®, ERα-CALUX® and anti-AR CALUX®) were used to measure soil bioactivities pre- and post-SEE and all reporter gene bioassays measured soil bioactivity decreases post-SEE. Mass defect suspect screening tentatively identified 27 unique isomers of azaarenes and OPAC in the soil. As a remediation technique, SEE was found to remove alkyl-PAHs and heterocyclic PACs, reduce the concentrations of freely dissolved PACs, and decrease soil bioactivities.

  • 95.
    van Hees, Patrick A. W.
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Akademin för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Elgh-Dalgren, Kristin
    Örebro universitet, Akademin för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Akademin för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    von Kronhelm, Thomas
    Sakab AB.
    Re-cycling of Remediated Soil in Sweden: An Environmental Advantage?2008Inngår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling, ISSN 0921-3449, E-ISSN 1879-0658, Vol. 52, nr 12, s. 1349-1361Artikkel, forskningsoversikt (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The disposal of soil material after ex-situ treatment of contaminated soil is an issue of growing concern. The handling and use of this material are surrounded by numerous regulatory, economic, technical and societal aspects that complicate or hinder recycling. As a consequence, the lack of means of recovery can in the long term bias the whole remedial process. In addition, it can affect the competition between various treatment options such as ex-situ, and in-situ techniques and landfilling. At the same time the materials must not have any negative environmental impacts, and their usage must be compatible with existing risk assessment and management frameworks regarding contaminated land. Other concerns such as a possible distinction against “lightly” contaminated materials, waste status and public acceptance add to the complexity. This paper focuses on Swedish conditions, but does also provide an outlook concerning EU regulation. A summary of leaching and batch tests employed for re-use of soil and waste is presented as well as an overview of the eco-toxicological aspects of treated materials. The main conclusion is that re-cycling of treated soil is desirable from numerous aspects, but has to go along an adequate risk assessment.

  • 96.
    Wagner, Martin
    et al.
    Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Hollert, Henner
    Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology & Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
    (Micro) Plastics and the environment2014Inngår i: Environmental Sciences Europe, ISSN 2190-4707, E-ISSN 2190-4715, Vol. 26, nr 16Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    (Micro) Plastics in the aquatic environment are an issue of emerging concern. However, to date, there is considerable lack of knowledge on the abundance and toxicity of plastic debris in aquatic ecosystems, especially with regard to the freshwater situation. In this editorial, we briefly discuss important aspects of the research on environmental (micro) plastics to stimulate research and call for papers.

  • 97.
    Westman, Ola
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Larsson, Maria
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Hollert, Henner
    2RWTH Aachen University, Inst. For Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen, Germany.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Comparative study and characterization of mutagenicity and AhR-agonistic potency of contaminated soil, remediated soil, urban city soil and rural soilManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Current risk assessment of PAH-contaminated soils is usually based on chemical analysis of a small number of PAHs. The use of effect-based methods for risk assessment would yield results covering more of the effect of all the chemicals in the soil. To put such effect based data into context we tested a relative approach in which effects of contaminated soil were compared to clean rural and urban soils. This concept of relative risk assessment was tested by studying the mutagenic and AhR-agonistic potency of contaminated soil and urban soil compared to farm soil from selected ecological farms. A set of 21 soil samples was collected: 11 PAH-contaminated samples (collected in collaboration with three Swedish remediation companies), 5 urban samples (collected in Swedish cities) and 5 soil samples from ecological farms. The urban and rural samples were collected at the surface (0-10 cm deep), the contaminated samples were collected from piles during remediation (100-200 cm deep). To evaluate the toxicants in the soil sample, lipophilic sample extracts were tested in two different assays; (i) the Ames Fluctuation Assay (AFA) mutant strains TA98 and TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium with and without a metabolic activation system (rat-liver homogenate S9) to determine the mutagenic potential of the soil samples and (ii) the cell mechanism-specific H4IIE-luc assay to determine the Ahreceptor (AhR) activating potency of the soil extracts. The results showed clear mutagenicity, both direct and indirect, in one of the PAH-contaminated samples and three other PAH samples also demonstrated some mutagenic activity. The extracts from urban city soil showed mutagenicity in three of the 5 samples, while none of the ecological farm samples had mutagenic extracts. The bio-TEQ values were very high for all remediated samples and elevated in one urban sample. Bio-TEQ values were low in the ecological farm extracts. These findings demonstrate that the present investigation scheme using two different bioassays to determine the mutagenic potential and the Ah receptor activating potency of soil extracts is a suitable method for testing toxic properties of soil extracts. The concept of relative risk assessment using background samples from rural and urban areas and effect based testing shows promise for further development.

  • 98.
    Westman, Ola
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik. Structor Miljöteknik AB, Örebro, Sweden.
    Larsson, Maria
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Venizelos, Nikolaos
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin.
    Hollert, Henner
    Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    An oxygenated metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene increases hepatic beta-oxidation of fatty acids in chick embryos2014Inngår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499, Vol. 21, nr 9, s. 6243-6251Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well-known carcinogens to humans and ecotoxicological effects have been shown in several studies. However, PAHs can also be oxidized into more water soluble-oxygenated metabolites (Oxy-PAHs). The first purpose of the present project was to (1) assess the effects of a mixture containing three parent PAHs: anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, and benzo[a]pyrene versus a mixture of their oxygenated metabolites, namely: anthracene-9,10-dione, benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, and 9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene-7-(8H)-one on the hepatic fatty acid beta-oxidation in chicken embryos (Gallus gallus domesticus) exposed in ovo. The second and also main purpose of the project was to (2) assess the effects of the parent PAHs versus their oxy-PAHs analogues when injected individually, followed by (3) additional testing of the individual oxy-PAHs. The hepatic beta-oxidation was measured using a tritium release assay with [9,10-H-3]-palmitic acid (16:0) as substrate. The result from the first part (1) showed reduced hepatic beta-oxidation after exposure in ovo to a mixture of three PAHs, however, increased after exposure to the mixture of three oxy-PAHs compared to control. The result from the second part (2) and also the follow-up experiment (3) showed that 9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene-7-(8H)-one was the causative oxy-PAH. The implication of this finding on the risk assessment of PAH metabolite exposure in avian wildlife remains to be determined. To the best of our knowledge, no similar studies have been reported.

  • 99.
    Westman, Ola
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Larsson, Maria
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin.
    Venizelos, Nikolaos
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin.
    Hollert, Henner
    3RWTH Aachen University, Inst. For Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen, Germany.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    An oxygenated metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene increases hepatic β-oxidation of fatty acids in chick embryosManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 100.
    Westman, Ola
    et al.
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Nordén, Marcus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Larsson, Maria
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Venizelos, Nikolaos
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Hollert, Henner
    RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
    Engwall, Magnus
    Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik.
    Reduced beta-oxidation in avian following exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons2012Inngår i: Toxicology Letters, ISSN 0378-4274, E-ISSN 1879-3169, Vol. 211, nr Supplement, s. s86-s87Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
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