To Örebro University

Uppsatsen uppehåller sig vid hur maskulinitet och kriminell identitet konstrueras när individer s a s ”berättar sig själva”, konstruerar ett narrativ, en levnadsteckning, utifrån de egna erfarenheterna och den kontext de ingår i. Syftet är att visa hur texter ur den s k ”gangsterrappen”, genom berättelser om brott är identitetsskapande samt kan utgöra en resurs för konstruerande av en hegemonisk maskulinitet. Metoden utgörs av narrativ analys, en kvalitativ forskningsmetod inriktad på människors berättelser, händelser över tid, samt hur dessa händelser, eftersom de är både menings och identitetsskapande för individen, avgör hur denne ser på sin tillvaro och utgör grund för individens beslut. Texter av svenska rap-artister, vilka räknas till kategorin gangsterrappare och vilka kan anses ha nått framgång med sin musik, närläses och analyseras utifrån de temata, med fokus på s k ”maskulinitetsmarkörer”, som återfinns i texterna. Det är kriminologiskt relevant att undersöka relationen mellan socialt konstruerad maskulinitet och en kriminell livsstil utifrån möjligheten till förändring. Studiens resultat visar att där går att urskilja tre temata i de analyserade rap-texterna, vilka, genom berättelser om brott, utgör resurs för konstruerandet av en hegemonisk maskulinitet: kapabel att utöva våld, risktagare, samt upprorisk och nyskapande. Gemensamt för samtliga studerade narrativ, i texterna, är att de är berättelser om händelser vilka utgör brott, men vilka i sammanhanget inte uppfattas som brott, utan som nödvändiga och försvarbara handlingar. Där finns därför en tydlig koppling mellan det egna narrativet om brott och individens konstruktion av hegemonisk maskulinitet. Berättelser om brott utgör s k hjältenarrativ sant ger individen tillgång till resurser som makt och kontroll.

Studien syftar till att med hjälp av ett genus- och maktperspektiv nå en djupare förståelse förflickors utsatthet i åldrarna 9-18 som lever i en hederskontext genom att studera 2 § LVUdomar från åren 2021 och 2022. Studien utgörs av en kvalitativ ansats bestående av 34 domarfrån svenska förvaltningsdomstolar och kammarrätter från årtalen 2021-2022. Materialet haranalyserats med hjälp av kodning och tematisering för att generera studiens resultat.Resultatet har tolkats med hjälp av makt, däribland Max Webers maktteori, och genus, blandannat Yvonne Hirdmans genussystem. Studien har visat på flera resultat. Orsakerna till våldetgrundar sig oftast i familjens upptäckt av att flickan har umgänge eller relationer med pojkareller att hon bryter mot vad familjen anser vara en kvinnonorm och på så sätt riskerar attskada familjens heder. Flickors skolresultat och hälsa blir lidande av familjensmotsägelsefulla förväntningar om att flickorna dels ska ta ett stort ansvar för hemmet och delsska prestera i skolan. Om flickan inte lyckas leva upp till förväntningarna hotar familjen medövervakning, slag eller nedsättande ord vilka också är bland de former i hur våldet kommer iuttryck. Resultatet visar även på att många flickor väljer att ta tillbaka sina utlåtanden då deav socialtjänsten upplever en felaktig bedömning av dem uppgifter som de lämnat.

Användningen av droger är ett samhälleligt problem som påverkas av olika faktorer. Cannabis är idag den vanligaste drogen och droganvändning överlag domineras av ungdomar, därav bör ungdomars cannabisanvändning uppmärksammas. Syftet med studien är att undersöka yrkesverksammas förståelse för ungdomars cannabisanvändning utifrån tre frågeställningar som undersöker bakomliggande orsaker, risk- och skyddsfaktorer samt yrkesverksammas roll kopplat till individ, grupp och samhällsnivå. Studien har en hermeneutisk ansats och utgår från en kvalitativ datainsamlingsmetod där semistrukturerade intervjuer utförts med sex respondenter som alla möter ungdomar som använder cannabis i sin yrkesroll. Empirin har analyserats utifrån en tematisk analys med hjälp av studiens tidigare forskning och studiens teoretiska tolkningsram vilket är den relationistiska teorin och ett perspektiv på missbruk som ett socialt problem. Den teoretiska tolkningsramen belyser hur problemområdet kan problematiseras utifrån olika faktorer samt hur de samspelar med varandra. Studiens resultat visade på att orsakerna samt risk- och skyddsfaktorerna kopplat till ungdomars cannabisanvändning inte är enskilda utan påverkas av flera faktorer som är föränderliga och påverkar varandra. Studiens diskussion belyser att det är betydande att yrkesverksamma som arbetar med ungdomar som använder cannabis har kunskap om problematiken för att kunna anpassa stödet utefter den enskilde ungdomens behov och bryta det normbrytande beteendet.

Kvinnans framtida relationer präglas av hennes tidigare relationer till modernoch fadern. Om kvinnan uppfostrats frånvarande av en fader påverkar dettahennes upplevelse av män. För att skapa en förståelse kring hur fadernsfrånvaro påverkar dotterns upplevelse av män senare i livet lyderforskningsfrågan: Hur upplever vuxna kvinnor, som är uppfostrade utan fäder,relationer till män? En kvalitativ intervjuundersökning genomfördes med femdeltagare. Deltagarna var mellan 18-39 år gamla. Intervjuer genomfördesmed stöd av en semistrukturerad intervjuguide bestående av 17 öppna frågorsom möjliggjorde följdfrågor. Data analyserades genom tematisk analys.Huvudresultatet som framkom visade att samtliga kvinnor upplevde att enuppväxt utan en närvarande far hade påverkat deras upplevelser av mänsenare i livet. För vidare forskning kan det vara av intresse att undersöka ombarnet upplever en saknad på grund av att föräldern som varit frånvarandespecifikt varit en man eller om könet är en oberoende faktor.

The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate the experiences of professional curators and priests in working under confidentiality. The starting point is to make visible and discuss the priests' absolute confidentiality compared to the curators' confidentiality, which has certain exceptions. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with six respondents, three from each professional group. The empirical data has then been analyzed based on Hochschild's theory of emotional labor and Lazarus and Folkman's theory of coping. The results of the study show that the different types of confidentiality both have advantages and disadvantages, and where great emphasis is placed on the expectations that existed before the professionals took on the role of curator or priest. Both professional groups are satisfied with how their confidentiality is designed and they have found strategies to deal with problems and feelings that may arise related to their respective confidentiality.

Patienters upplevelser av behandling är ett outforskat område och kvalitativ metod kan vara användbart för att nå en fördjupad förståelse för subjektiva upplevelser och förändringsprocesser i psykologisk behandling. Samsjuklighet mellan social ångest och insomni är relativt vanligt och kan ha implikationer för behandlingsutfall, men behandling av samsjukliga tillstånd är tämligen outforskat. Kognitiv beteendeterapi för tillstånden var för sig har visat sig ha god effekt. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur patienter beskriver sina upplevelser av att ha gått i KBT för social ångest och insomni genom två behandlingssekvenser i följd, en för vardera tillstånd. Insamlad intervjudata från sju deltagare som genomgått behandling analyserades kvalitativt genom tematisk analys. Analysen resulterade i fyra huvudteman: Innehållsrik behandling, Samarbete och stöd, Krävande, men värt det samt Förändring i mitt liv. Dessa sammanfattas i ett kärntema: Innehållsrik och tuff behandling med resultat som var mödan värt. Resultatet tyder på att behandlingarna upplevts som hjälpsamma och samtidigt utmanande. Att hitta nya hjälpsamma sätt att hantera sina besvär, att utveckla ett nytt förhållningssätt till sig själv och svårigheterna samt stöd och hjälp från psykologen upplevdes vara en bidragande orsak till förbättring. Kliniska rekommendationer diskuteras. Studien bidrar med kunskap om hur patienter upplever psykologisk behandling.

The aim of this study is to investigate, based on qualitative interviews, how social workers inshelters for victims of domestic violence with a child's perspective via routines and ways ofworking take into account children’s break-up from school, family and friends. The aim of thisstudy is also to investigate whether or not social workers routines and ways of working areperceived to be sufficient to contribute to maintaining continuity in everyday routines of theaccompanying children. The study was based on a qualitative method where sevensemistructured interviews were conducted with social workers in shelters for victims ofdomestic violence. The empirical data has been analyzed based on theories and theoreticalconstructs such as Lipskys theory about street level bureaucrats, Giddens theory aboutmodernity, self-identity and ontological security and also childhood studies. The resultsindicate that social workers try to maintain the children’s everyday routines by creating routinesthat include school, activities and counseling. However there are difficulties to maintain thechildren’s everyday routines because of the safety strategies in the shelters. Social workershave an awareness that their ways of working with children are supposed to be performed byhaving a child’s perspective whereas their achievement is for the families to transfer to a newindependent home to create a new belonging and everyday life.

Syftet med den här studien är att, via en forskningsöversikt, besvara frågorna om vilkaförsvårande respektive underlättande faktorer det finns för äldre våldsutsatta kvinnor attlämna ett våldsamt parförhållande. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna är ålderism, makt ochcopingstrategier. Resultaten visar att manipulation, kontroll, begränsning av socialt umgänge,kontroll över ekonomin och begränsning av rörelsefriheten är partnerns sätt för att ökakvinnans eftergivenhet och tillgivenhet. De underlättande faktorerna är familjemedlemmarsom ger stöd till kvinnan, kvinnans egen förmåga att finna copingstrategier och när samhälletger strategier för att kvinnan ska kunna lämna. Ålderismen visas bland annat genom attsamhället har stereotypa föreställningar om äldre och att ålderismen är implementerad i såvälhälso- och sjukvård som i det sociala arbetet. Detta försvårar att äldre kvinnor får den hjälpde skulle behöva. Makt kan ses från flera perspektiv; våldsutövarens makt mot den äldreutsatta kvinnan, samhällets makt och kultur. Copingstrategier kan bidra till att den äldrevåldsutsatta kvinnan lägger gränser eller förklaringar i relationen och samtidigt stärkskvinnan emotionellt. Copingstrategier kan å andra sidan bli en försvårande faktor till att äldrevåldsutsatta kvinnor stannar kvar i parförhållandet.Titel: Att som äldre kvinna lämna ett våldsamt förhållande.Författare: Elin Allbrand och Ann-Sofie Gripenberg

Den föreliggande studiens syfte var att undersöka förekomsten av en hegemonisk maskulinitet i manliga polisaspiranters beskrivningar av en inledande interaktion med polisens yrkeskultur, yrkesroll och rollförväntningar. Detta för att belysa hur polisrollen är baserad på traditionella föreställningar av maskulinitet samt för att eventuellt kunna identifiera möjliga förbättringsområden för den svenska polisen i dess arbete för inklusion och mångfald. Detta genomfördes med hjälp av fem semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer med manliga polisaspiranter under deras femte termin på polishögskolan. Tidigare forskning har i dessa avseenden beskrivit förekomsten av maskulinitet inom polisen som problematiskt, där poliser som inte går i linje med maskulina ideal särbehandlas, eller utesluts. Resultaten påvisade att yrkeskulturen reproducerades genom att polisaspiranterna var angelägna om att låta deras yrkesroll formas enligt äldre yrkesnormativa definitioner av polisen. Vidare identifierades en polisiär jargong som syftade till att bilda en homosocialitet inom kåren på basis av informella strategier av insocialisering. Ytterligare resultat pekade på att det förekommer hierarkiseringen av maskulina attribut inom yrkesrollen, där en hegemonisk polisroll definierades enligt egenskaper av självsäkerhet, medvetenhet och fysisk förmåga. Enligt våra resultat ter sig således maskulinitet som en förutsättning för att lyckas som polis, där det bland annat redovisades för hur maskuliniteten underbygger den auktoritet som polisen besitter

Att bli utsatt för mobbning och att själv utsätta andra för mobbning är associerat med flertalet negativa hälsokonsekvenser, det är därmed av största vikt att undersöka vart, hur och när man kan intervenera med preventiva insatser. Forskning idag kring psykopatiska drag hos ungdomar och mobbning är begränsad och det saknas bland annat studier som undersöker psykopati i sin helhet. I den aktuella studien syftar till att undersöka den modererande rollen av skydds- och riskfaktorer i relation till psykopatiska drag hos ungdomar och mobbning. Datan bestod av 973 ungdomar, årskurs sju till nio, från en medelstor svensk stad. Resultatet från den här studien visar att anknytning och varmt föräldraskap fungerar som skyddsfaktorer i associationen mellan psykopatiska drag hos ungdomar och mobbning. Kallt avvisande från föräldrar var även en riskfaktor i relationen mellan psykopatiska drag hos ungdomar och att bli utsatt för mobbning. Sammanfattningsvis visar studien att skyddsfaktorerna samt kallt avvisande från föräldrar påverkar sambandet och bidrar till en lägre nivå av mobbning. Denna kunskap kan användas för att förstå hur man ska arbeta preventivt mot mobbning hos ungdomar.

The aim of this study was to better understand how the supportive role from coaches and engagement from parents is associated the behavioral and psychological outcomes for adolescents participating in organized sports. Behavioral adjustments were defined as youth delinquency and psychological outcomes as depressive symptoms and subjective well-being. The data used in this study were from the Youth and Sports (YeS) project, of which an analytical sample of N=421 7th graders participating in organized sports was selected. Results from a hierarchical regression analysis showed that 7.5% of parental engagement and coach support explained variance in adolescents’ subjective well-being and 3.4% explained depressive symptoms. The same pattern was not found in delinquent behavior, however, we did find an interaction effect, where coach support moderates the link between parents’ engagement and delinquency. Therefore, results suggest that adolescents participating in organized sports with engaged parents and support from their coach displayed better behavioral and psychological adjustments in adolescence.

The overall purpose of this thesis was to explore the program “Bredsands Brobyggare,” which aims to increase immigrant parents’ involvement and participation in their children’s schooling. This was achieved by studying how the “bridge builders” experience relationship building with the parents and what strategies they use while working with the target group, as well as how these strategies are considered to affect the parents’ involvement in school. In the thesis, four semi-structured interviews were conducted with service providers working in the investigated program. The results were analyzed from a hermeneutic abductive approach through a thematic analysis. Dempsey and Sandler’s theoretical model of motivational sources for parents’ involvement in their children’s schooling is the theoretical framework underlying the analysis. The results showed that the bridge builders used their cultural-understanding ability to build a relationship with the parents and increased other professionals’ awareness and understanding of their difficulties and needs. Furthermore, after establishing a relationship with the parents, the bridge builders used other approaches, such as a strength-based approach and the implementation of individualized support according to the parents’ needs, aiming to create a stable line of communication between school and home, which in turn can potentially develop parents’ involvement in their children’s schooling.

BACKGROUND: Availability of evidence-based intervention for recently arrived immigrant youth that does not have a medical approach is limited. Not responding to these youth with adequate support can lead to major psychosocial consequences during adolescence and in the future. The current study focuses on the evaluation of the pilot test of the PIA Youth Program. The PIA Youth Program was developed on the bases of newly arrived youth's own description of needs in a series of interviews and the research on the risk and protective factors in relation to migration and resettlement process. Therefore, the aim was to determine whether the intervention effectively promoted refugee youth’s motivation, feelings of efficacy, and view of their potential to overcome their challenges such as learning a new language, academic tasks, seeking help from others, developing a career path and sense of belongingness in the new host society. METHOD: The pilot test used a single group pre- and post-test design. Pre-and post-test outcome measures were compared to examine improvements after enrolment in the program. Paired samples t-test was used to estimate the changes. Due to the small sample size, the adjusted Cohens d effect size was used to determine the program's impact on different measures based on the commonly recommended cut-off values. A total of 29 youth enrolled in the program in Swedish, Kurdish, Somalian and Arabic, and 24 of the youth who started completed the program. RESULTS: The results suggested that the youth who participated in the program showed improvements relative to their baseline level in several of the measures. Specifically, their internal motivation to learn Swedish (d = .47), confidence in achieving academic goals (d = .28), and persistence in dealing with school difficulties (d =.22) showed a trend of increase. On the other hand, the youth who participated in their home language showed a decrease in societal belonging, which slightly increased with other youth who participated in Swedish. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that the PIA Youth Program is generally an effective dissonance-based intervention that could promote motivation to overcome challenges and maintain hope for the future for recently arrived youth. Due to the small sample size, the findings are not conclusive. However, the pilot test results could be seen as a basis for mapping, refinement, and improvement of the program before it can be tested on a larger scale using RCT design.

Esmeralda, also called “lilla hjärtat” was found dead at her biological parents house shortlyafter the care of her under the Care of Young Persons Act, ended. As a result of Esmeralda'stragic fate the reform “lex lilla hjärtat” was presented. This led to several changes in the lawthat came into effect on July 1 2022. The purpose of this study is to examine whether and towhat extent “lex lilla hjärtat” has had an impact on the application of law. This study hasbeen based on a qualitative method with documents consisting of verdicts that process thetermination of the care of young persons act, as the data collection method. The verdicts wereselected through a purposive selection and processed with a thematic analysis. The theoreticalperspective that has been used in this study is sociology of laws, social constructivism andchildhood sociology. The result of the study show that “lex lilla hjärtat” has had an impact onthe application of law, although not the expected level of impact. First of all, “lex lillahjärtat” has resulted in higher requirements regarding the termination of the care of youngpersons act. Furthermore the children's rights have been strengthened while the parents'interests have gotten a weakened position. However, this study shows that there is still a lackof consideration to the principle of the best interest of the child and the child's perspective.

In memory, familiar but no longer relevant information may disrupt encoding and retrieval of to-be-learned information. While it has been demonstrated that the ability to resolve proactive interference (PI) in working memory (WM) is reduced in aging, the neuroanatomical components of this decline have yet to be determined. Hippocampal (HC) involvement in age-related decline in control of PI is currently not known. In particular, the association between HC subfield volumes and control of PI in WM has not been examined previously. Here we investigate the associations between mean level and 5-year trajectories of gray matter subfield volumes and PI in WM across the adult life span (N = 157). Longitudinal analyses over 5-years across all participants revealed that reduced volume in the subiculum was related to impaired control of PI. Age-stratified analyses showed that this association was most pronounced in older adults. Furthermore, we found that in older adults the effect of age on PI was mediated by GM volume in the HC. The current results show that HC volume is associated with the ability to control PI in WM, and that these associations are modulated by age.

The right to information, an integral part of freedom of expression, is protected by several provisions under international law. This chapter compares Article 13 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child with the corresponding provisions in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It is noted that the provisions of the latter are distinctively adult-centric, with a historically strong tendency towards protection of civil and political rights. It should nonetheless be remembered that Article 19 of the Covenant also applies to children. Article 13 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child must therefore be given its own distinctive meaning to add value to the legal protection of the child. This is even more vital for children in humanitarian crises. Child-specific legal protection of the right to information can be achieved when the right to information is combined with provisions protecting the child’s right to survival and development. Furthermore, only when children have access to information comprising three separate layers can it be safely assumed that their right to information has been made meaningful in humanitarian crises.

Technical developments have made it possible to identify people by biometrics. The concept ‘biometrics’ refers to an individual’s characteristics and to a process. As for a person’s characteristics, the term captures both biological and behavioral features.[1] The process, on the other hand, entails automated capturing and processing of such characteristics. The use of biometrics – e.g. establishing identity by use of new technology through scanning individuals and cross-referencing their biometric data with existing databases – is on the increase, for civilian as well as non-civilian uses, for counter-terrorism activities and beyond. This raises a number of legal questions, in several legal areas. For the purpose of this research, the focus is on the interplay between the legal regimes of European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the International Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC). In this way, the research seeks to cover State obligations, (what the State can do, must do, or is not at all permitted to do) in the transitional spectrum from ‘normal peace-time’ to armed conflict.

It is no longer a controversial position to hold that human rights law remains applicable also during armed conflict. Furthermore, human rights law is applicable to conflict, subject only to derogation. Lastly, when LOAC and human rights apply, LOAC is considered lex specialis, meaning it will trump human rights law in times of armed conflict if there are situations when the regimes are so much at odds that they cannot be reconciled. This may seem pretty straightforward, but if a human rights body such as the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) seeks to take account of LOAC in any way, first the applicability of the latter must be determined. On the other hand, turning to the ECtHR may be an effective way to redress for those who seek a remedy when a State has failed to comply with the laws. (No such option exists under LOAC).  This has given rise to a growing corpus of case-law considering potential human rights violations during armed conflict. However, the use of biometrics by armed forces (or private actors, on account of the armed forces, or the State) is certainly not limited to the context of armed conflict. In fact, the use of biometrics in ‘normal peace-time’ continues to increase, for counter-terrorist activities as well as more general security measures. In this regard, a primary human rights concern pertains to the right to privacy. The substantive right to private life is recognized in all major human rights treaties and in many national constitutions. It should be noted that the usage of biometrics throughout the transitional spectrum, is likely to engage additional substantial rights protected by the ECHR. This could include but is not limited to, the right to life (Article 2), the right to liberty and security (Article 5) the right to an effective remedy (Article 13), and naturally, the right to non-discrimination (Article 14). Furthermore, it is foreseeable that the right to freedom of expression (Article 10), which incorporates the right to information may also come into play, as will the protection of specific procedural rights developed and consolidated by the ECtHR in its case law. 

Although the application of the ECHR in matters with a nexus to armed conflict generally speaking can be seen as a comparatively more recent development, the ECtHR was first seized by the broader issue of data handling and the right to private life almost 35 years ago, in the case Leander v Sweden.[2] Since then, the notion of digital privacy, as a sub-category of the right to private life has continued to emerge. Furthermore, the right to private life, as protected by Article 8 of the ECHR, has also expanded to protect biometric privacy. It is clear from the case-law, that the ECtHR is aware of the data-life cycle in that the ECtHR takes a three-pronged approach, and is scrutinizing 1) the collection, 2) retention and 3) disclosure of all data, not limited to biometrics.

Analysing the inter-play between LOAC and ECHR regarding biometrics and seeking to cover the transitional spectrum gives rise to numerous legal questions. For example: What obligations does a State party to the ECHR have with regard to biometrics and the right to private life under Article 8 a) In peace time? b) When the life of the nation is threatened? c) in armed conflict? What are the positive obligations of a State, what actions are required from the State vis-à-vis third-party actors? To what extent can a State lawfully derogate from Article 8 obligations in relation to biometrics? What questions of extra-territorial jurisdiction may foreseeably arise by the use of biometrics? Is non-compliance with Article 36 of the 1977 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts pertaining to biometrics potentially of concern to the ECtHR? 

This paper investigates the relationship between LOAC and human rights law as protected under the ECHR with specific regard to the use of biometrics, and discuss some of the essential questions raised above. In order to do so, it first briefly outlines the key advancements made concerning the inter-play between LOAC and the ECHR (section I). In this manner, the discussion seeks to cover the transitional spectrum from peace-time to non-international and international armed conflict alike. Next, the notion of biometrics is seen through the lens of the ECHR which protects the right to private life, and the sub-group of data privacy, including biometrics under Article 8 (section II). This is followed by a discussion concerning additional substantial rights that may come into play (section III) and procedural rights protected by the ECHR, such as the right to effective remedies (section IV). Then, the paper reconnects with the transitional spectrum, and some concepts that may be highly relevant to the use of biometrics such as derogations and extraterritorial jurisdiction are highlighted (section V). The article concludes with final remarks (section VI).

 [1] Examples of behavioral features include blinking patterns, a person’s gait, driving styles or patterns of a person’s preferred game strategies. Biological characteristics include aspects of electromagnetic signals generated by heart and brain, voice characteristics, face-recognition, fingerprints, iris recognition, DNA or hand veins.[2] ECtHR, Leander v Sweden (Application no. 9248/81), Judgment, 26 March 1987. The question concerned whether or not allowing the data subject access to the information security authorities held about him violated his right to privacy. 

It is no longer seen as controversial to hold that International Human Rights Law (IHRL) remains applicable during armed conflict, possibly subject to permissive limitations and derogations to some human rights. Although the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) in the debate has been referred to as lex specialis in relation to IHRL, this does neither automatically nor categorically mean that LOAC will take precedence over IHRL in all situations arising during an armed conflict. Therefore, this paper briefly discusses how a conflict between IHRL and LOAC norms can be handled in public international law. First, it is examined how the International Court of Justice has shifted it’s position concerning the relationship between IHRL and LOAC. Second, it is argued that actual purpose of conduct must determine which legal framework is the appropriate starting point when assessing the lawfulness of the said conduct. Lastly, the paper closes by concluding that examining norm by norm to determine the appropriate legal framework for a given conduct is far more promising than concluding that one legal framework categorically repeals another legal regime.

It is no longer seen as controversial to hold that International Human Rights Law (IHRL) remains applicable during armed conflict, possibly subject to permissive limitations and derogations to some human rights. Although the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) in the debate has been referred to as lex specialis in relation to IHRL, this does neither automatically nor categorically mean that LOAC will take precedence over IHRL in all situations arising during an armed conflict. Therefore, this paper briefly discusses how a conflict between IHRL and LOAC norms can be handled in public international law. First, it is examined how the International Court of Justice has shifted it’s position concerning the relationship between IHRL and LOAC. Second, it is argued that actual purpose of conduct must determine which legal framework is the appropriate starting point when assessing the lawfulness of the said conduct. Lastly, the paper closes by concluding that examining norm by norm to determine the appropriate legal framework for a given conduct is far more promising than concluding that one legal framework categorically repeals another legal regime.

The scope of protection of the environment in relation to armed conflict has continued to expand since the issue was first introduced on the international agenda in the 1970s. Today, it is recognized that the environment is a prima facie civilian object and as such it is entitled to the same layers of protection during an armed conflict as any civilian person or object. Thus, there is a legal obligation to prevent environmental harm in armed conflict, before the event. Given the magnitude of environmental damage that can be anticipated in relation to armed conflict, the obligation to prevent such damage in the first place is critical. In this regard, it is important to note that the legal obligation to prevent environmental harm originates from international environmental law. Furthermore, the obligation to prevent harm is an ongoing obligation. This article illustrates that the general preventive obligations found in international environmental law can shed much-needed light on the general preventive obligations already established under the law of armed conflict, in furtherance of environmental protection.

Encoding and (re-)using data about or created by citizens to generate new value is a process referred to as datafication. Extracting data from and about citizens raises numerous human rights questions, particularly in the area of the right to private life. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has over the years developed and shaped the right to digital private life by outlining what type of collection, processing and retention of data about individuals is considered permissive – and what is not. Although the datafication process entails elements that currently lie outside the core ambit of the ECtHR, it has a longstanding and indeed heightened interest in defining and protecting what constitutes genuine human private life. In this regard, digital private life falls into a domain of matters which the ECtHR finds worthy of protection. By pointing out specific requirements in order to prevent the abuse of State power, the ECtHR is a mechanism that can be reckoned with when it comes to shielding European citizens from datafication.

This book demonstrates how a focus on children's rights can help practitioners to safeguard children during humanitarian crisis. Child Rights in Humanitarian Crisis focuses on understanding and advancing child rights through practical applications of a child rights perspective in crisis response. The book establishes that with accessible, child friendly participatory means, crisis response can improve from a child rights perspective, and even advance children's rights, whilst also supporting and furthering the development of a child's agency. The volume presents the reader with a clear focus on children from a range of backgrounds, including those most marginalised, such as children with disabilities. Drawing on expertise from the field as well as academia, and providing practical examples which link case studies to legal policies in recent and protracted humanitarian responses, such as in Turkey and at the Lithuania-Belarus border, this book is a treasure trove of advice from some of the humanitarian and development sector's most experienced professionals. Combining insights from both research and practice, this book will be an essential read for humanitarian students and practitioners

In this final chapter, the authors identify three areas where there are gaps to fill in order to improve crisis response for children. These can be summarised in the following three disparities: first, the gap between internal and external mechanisms of complaints or communication; second, the gap between response at the crisis site and recipient countries’ response; and last, the distance between practitioners and academics.

It is argued that if these gaps can be overcome, holistic results, based on knowledge and sound analysis, with practical relevance ensuring the best interest of the child can be achieved.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze mothers’ narratives about their children’s life situation while living at domestic violence shelters in Sweden. More precisely, the analysis focuses on determining what aspects are highlighted as being most important for the children’s living situation during their stay.

Method: This study is based on interviews with mothers who have experience of living at a domestic violence shelter together with their young child/ren. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the narratives.

Results: The analysis resulted in seven themes important for the children’s lives during their shelter stay. These are: safety, isolation, a child-friendly environment, shared living space, social relations at the shelter, children’s health during their stay, and support at the shelter.

Conclusion: In the narratives, safety was highlighted as the most important issue, and as something that also affects other aspects of the children’s lives during their time at the shelter. A child-friendly environment, access to activities and support, and positive social relations at the shelter are also important. In addition, positive experiences regarding these aspects can be understood to counteract the feeling of isolation and improve children’s ability to process their experiences.

Introduction: Chronic pain and sleep disturbance bidirectionally influence each other in a negative spiral. Although this academic knowledge is known by researchers, it is imperative to bridge it over to the general public because of its applied implications. However, it is unclear how academia and the general public reciprocally shape each other in terms of knowledge of the sleep–pain relationship. The purpose of this study was (1) to assess the longitudinal trajectories of research on the sleep–pain relationship and the general public’s interest in this topic and (2) to examine whether the academic interest leads to the general public’s interest, or vice versa.

Methods: We used a Big Data approach to gather data from scientific databases and a public search engine. We then transformed these data into time trends, representing the quantity of published research on, and the general public’s interest in, the sleep–pain relationship. The time trends were visually presented and analyzed via dynamic structural equation modeling.

Results: The frequency of both published articles and searches soared after 2004. Published research leads to an increased interest in the sleep–pain relationship among the general public but does not predict more published articles. Furthermore, the general public’s interest reinforces itself over time but does not predict published research.

Conclusion: These results are encouraging because it is essential for research on the sleep–pain relationship to reach a broader audience, beyond the walls of academia. However, to prevent a potential alienation between academic and practical knowledge, we encourage openness among researchers to being inspired by the general public’s knowledge of the sleep–pain relationship

Syftet med denna dokumentstudie är att genom en kvalitativ innehålls- och sekundäranalysundersöka om det finns skillnader i frivårdsinspektörers bedömningar vad gäller förslag tillstraffpåföljd för kvinnliga respektive manliga tilltalade där brottsrubriceringen är misshandel ochgrov misshandel. En komparativ ansats har utförts för att analysera personutredningar i brottmålupprättade av frivårdsinspektörer. Datamaterialet omfattar totalt 16 personutredningar som berörlika många kvinnliga som manliga klienter. Vidare är personutredningarna utförda i en Frivård ien mellanstor stad i Sverige. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna som har använts för att analyseramaterialet består av begreppen kön, genus, genuskontrakt och handlingsutrymme. Därutöver haranalysen fokuserat på några av de olika grunderna som frivårdsinspektörerna baserar sinabedömningar på och som består av nästkommande kategorier: familj/relationer/umgänge/barnunder 18 år, bostad, utbildning/sysselsättning/ekonomi och kriminalitet. Resultaten visar att detinte finns skillnader i frivårdsinspektörers bedömningar som grundas i kön. Forskningen somundersöker skillnader i bedömningar som grundas i kön är begränsad, och därmed anses dennastudie vara betydande för det sociala arbetet.

A wide range of psychological treatments have been found to reduce the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but their relative effects are unclear. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we determined the effects of psychological treatments for IBS, including subtypes of cognitive behavior therapy, versus attention controls. We searched 11 databases (March 2022) for studies of psychological treatments for IBS, reported in journal articles, books, dissertations, and conference abstracts. The resulting database comprised 9 outcome domains from 118 studies published in 1983-2022. Using data from 62 studies and 6496 participants, we estimated the effect of treatment type on improvement in composite IBS severity using random-effects meta-regression. In comparison with the attention controls, there was a significant added effect of exposure therapy (g = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.17-0.88) and hypnotherapy (g = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.06-0.67) when controlling for the pre- to post-assessment duration. When additional potential confounders were included, exposure therapy but not hypnotherapy retained a significant added effect. Effects were also larger with a longer duration, individual treatment, questionnaire (non-diary) outcomes, and recruitment outside of routine care. Heterogeneity was substantial. Tentatively, exposure therapy appears to be a particularly promising treatment for IBS. More direct comparisons in randomized controlled trials are needed. OSF.io identifier: 5yh9a.