In this article, we present a comparative analysis of regional differences in Italy and Sweden in the late 19th century. Using both quantitative and qualitative evidence, our comparison indicates how the character of these regional inequalities differed, despite the decentralized nature of schooling in both of these countries. As a result, this article raises important questions regarding whether these differences may be explained by the demand for schooling, the supply of schooling, or institutional arrangements, including the use of ambulatory schools and so-called junior schools.