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From symbolic inclusion to procedural democratization: public participation and civil society in the Kurdistan region
Örebro University, School of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences. School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Malardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0009-0000-2843-2815
2026 (English)In: Democratization, ISSN 1351-0347, E-ISSN 1743-890X, p. 1-24Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

This study examines the evolution of public participation in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq between 2016 and 2019, focusing on participatory reforms introduced under the Enhancing Democratization Program (EDP). Drawing on mixed methods–surveys, interviews, focus groups, and institutional documents – it analyses changes in access, trust, and perceived influence. The findings show that the EDP expanded visible participatory spaces and strengthened trust in civil society organizations and provincial councils, but had limited effects on confidence in government and parliament. Elite dominance, weak responsiveness, and selective inclusion constrained participants’ influence, leaving most forums consultative rather than transformative. Anchored in Arnstein’s distinction between symbolic and substantive participation, the article argues that procedural inclusion can widen participation without redistributing power. The Kurdistan case thus highlights a broader challenge of democratization in hybrid regimes: participation may expand in form while remaining limited in function.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Routledge, 2026. p. 1-24
Keywords [en]
Public participation, civil society, Kurdistan region, hybrid regimes, participatory governance, democratization, institutional trust, political inclusion
National Category
Sociology (Excluding Social Work, Social Anthropology, Demography and Criminology) Political Science (Excluding Peace and Conflict Studies)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-128522DOI: 10.1080/13510347.2026.2655198ISI: 001746433000001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:oru-128522DiVA, id: diva2:2055329
Available from: 2026-04-23 Created: 2026-04-23 Last updated: 2026-04-29Bibliographically approved

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Sofi, Dana

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456789107 of 165
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