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Mapping global exposure to POPs in human milk through multivariate fingerprinting
Dereviankin Consulting Inc. Calgary, AB, Canada.
Chemistry Matters Inc., 104-1240 Kensington Road NW, Suite 405, Calgary, AB T2N 3P7, Canada; Mount Royal University, Faculty of Science & Technology, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Örebro University, School of Science and Technology. University of Liège, Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, Liège 4000, Belgium. (MTM Research Centre)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1496-9245
2025 (English)In: Journal of Hazardous Materials, ISSN 0304-3894, E-ISSN 1873-3336, Vol. 498, article id 139923Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk present environmental and health concerns, particularly for vulnerable populations such as breastfed infants. This study applied a data exploration dimensionality reduction workflow using Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) for POP measurements in human milk. This approach focuses on identifying and comparing the compositional patterns-or 'fingerprints'-of POPs rather than just measuring their concentrations. The UMAP approach revealed detailed variations in POP fingerprints that were not detectable with traditional univariate approaches. UMAP approach also improves upon other multivariate approaches, such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Unlike previous studies focusing solely on concentration differences, UMAP identified distinct regional and economic POP fingerprints. Lower-income countries showed POP fingerprints dominated by DDT-related compounds, while higher-income regions showed distinct fingerprints with greater contributions from PCBs and other legacy pollutants. Temporal analysis captured shifts in POP fingerprints after 2001, corresponding with the expansion from initial focus on PCDD, PCDF, and PCB to the broader group of the original 12 POPs listed under the Stockholm Convention. These results demonstrate how dimensionality reduction techniques, particularly UMAP, can distinguish compositional POP fingerprints across geospatial, temporal, and economic factors, providing a comparative framework for understanding global exposure patterns.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2025. Vol. 498, article id 139923
Keywords [en]
Biomonitoring, Dimensionality reduction, Environmental forensics, Human milk, Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-123898DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139923ISI: 001580276000001PubMedID: 40987168Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105016697400OAI: oai:DiVA.org:oru-123898DiVA, id: diva2:2000392
Available from: 2025-09-24 Created: 2025-09-24 Last updated: 2026-01-23Bibliographically approved

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Fiedler, Heidelore

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